Division of Industrial Design, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
School of Dentistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2024 Feb;52(1):1-12. doi: 10.1111/cdoe.12892. Epub 2023 Aug 1.
There is increasing recognition of the value and capabilities of design in healthcare. Beyond the development of medical devices, design is increasingly being applied to intangible, complex and systemic healthcare problems. However, there is limited evidence on the use of design specifically in the field of oral health. This systematic mapping study aims to collate and catalogue evidence of design in oral health.
A systematic search of academic databases and grey literature was performed. Duplicate results were removed, and publications relating to the same project were grouped. Reviewers from design and oral health independently screened a sample of the dataset. Projects of both relevance to oral health, and with input from a designer or clear implementation of a design methodology or approach were included. Projects were coded and plotted on a novel interactive evidence map.
119 design and oral health projects were included between 1973 and 2022. Interventional (n = 94, 79%), empirical (n = 46, 39%), methodological (n = 35, 29%) and theoretical (n = 7, 6%) design contributions were identified across the projects. The projects were categorized by four orders of design: first-graphics (n = 6, 5%), second-products (n = 41, 34%), third-interactions (n = 70, 59%), and fourth-systems (n = 2, 2%). Design was found in a diverse range of contexts in oral health; most commonly being relevant to general patients (n = 61, 51%), and for use in general dental practice (n = 56, 47%). Further design outcome categories (digital material; printed material; object; room or space; apparel; process; smart device; tangible interface; graphical interface; virtual reality; service; policy; system) and oral health themes (oral health literacy; oral care training; dental clinic design; dental instruments and equipment; personal oral care; dental appliance; clinician health and productivity; clinical information systems; informed consent; oral health promotion and prevention; oral care training; patient interactions and experience) were identified.
The novel interactive evidence map of design in oral health created enables ongoing and open-ended multivariant documentation and analysis of the evidence, as well as identification of strategic opportunities. Future research and policy implications include; recognition and engagement with the full capabilities of design; integration of design experts; fostering inclusive engagement and collaboration; disentangling patient and public involvement; advancing human-centred systems approaches; adopting design-led approaches for policy-making.
人们越来越认识到设计在医疗保健中的价值和能力。除了医疗器械的开发，设计越来越多地应用于无形的、复杂的和系统的医疗保健问题。然而，关于设计在口腔健康领域的具体应用的证据有限。本系统制图研究旨在整理和分类口腔健康设计的证据。
对学术数据库和灰色文献进行了系统搜索。去除重复项，并将同一项目的出版物进行分组。来自设计和口腔健康领域的评审员独立筛选了数据集的一部分。纳入了与口腔健康相关且有设计师参与或明确实施设计方法或方法的项目。对项目进行编码，并在一个新的交互式证据图上进行绘制。
1973 年至 2022 年期间共纳入 119 项设计和口腔健康项目。干预（n=94，79%）、经验（n=46，39%）、方法（n=35，29%）和理论（n=7，6%）设计贡献在项目中得到了识别。这些项目按四个设计层次进行分类：第一级图形（n=6，5%）、第二级产品（n=41，34%）、第三级交互（n=70，59%）和第四级系统（n=2，2%）。设计在口腔健康的各种环境中都有发现；最常见的是与一般患者相关（n=61，51%），并用于一般牙科实践（n=56，47%）。进一步的设计成果类别（数字材料；印刷材料；物体；房间或空间；服装；过程；智能设备；有形界面；图形界面；虚拟现实；服务；政策；系统）和口腔健康主题（口腔健康素养；口腔保健培训；牙科诊所设计；牙科仪器和设备；个人口腔保健；牙科器具；临床医生健康和生产力；临床信息系统；知情同意；口腔健康促进和预防；口腔保健培训；患者互动和体验）被确定。
创建的口腔健康设计交互式证据图能够对证据进行持续的、开放式的多变量记录和分析，并确定战略机会。未来的研究和政策影响包括：认识和参与设计的全部能力；整合设计专家；促进包容和协作的参与；解开患者和公众参与的束缚；推进以人为本的系统方法；采用以设计为主导的决策方法。
