Doctoral Programme in Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia.
Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia.
Malar J. 2023 Aug 1;22(1):221. doi: 10.1186/s12936-023-04647-7.
The recent deforestation for agricultural, mining, and human re-settlement has significantly reduced the habitat of many non-human primates (NHPs) in Indonesia and intensifies interaction between the NHPs and humans and thus opening the possibility of pathogen spill-over. The emergence of zoonotic malaria, such as Plasmodium knowlesi, poses an immense threat to the current malaria control and elimination that aims for the global elimination of malaria by 2030. As malaria in humans and NHPs is transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito, malaria vector control is very important to mitigate the spill-over of the malaria parasite to humans. The present study aims to explore the Anopheles species diversity in human settlements adjacent to the wildlife sanctuary forest in Buton Utara Regency, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, and identify the species that potentially transmit the pathogen from monkey to human in the area.
Mosquito surveillance was conducted using larval and adult collection, and the collected mosquitoes were identified morphologically and molecularly using the barcoding markers, cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), and internal transcribed species 2 (ITS2) genes. Plasmodium sporozoite carriage was conducted on mosquitoes collected through human landing catch (HLC) and human-baited double net trap (HDNT).
The results revealed several Anopheles species, such as Anopheles flavirostris (16.6%), Anopheles sulawesi (3.3%), Anopheles maculatus (3.3%), Anopheles koliensis (1.2%), and Anopheles vagus (0.4%). Molecular analysis of the sporozoite carriage using the primate-specific malaria primers identified An. sulawesi, a member of the Leucosphyrus group, carrying Plasmodium inui sporozoite.
This study indicates that the transmission of zoonotic malaria in the area is possible and alerts to the need for mitigation efforts through a locally-tailored vector control intervention and NHPs habitat conservation.
最近的农业、采矿和人类重新安置导致印度尼西亚的许多非人类灵长类动物（NHPs）栖息地显著减少，加剧了 NHPs 与人类之间的相互作用，从而增加了病原体溢出的可能性。人畜共患疟疾（如疟原虫 knowlesi）的出现，对目前旨在 2030 年全球消除疟疾的疟疾控制和消除工作构成了巨大威胁。由于人类和 NHPs 中的疟疾是由雌性按蚊传播的，因此控制疟疾媒介对于减轻疟疾寄生虫向人类溢出至关重要。本研究旨在探索印度尼西亚东南苏拉威西省布顿北部摄政区野生动物保护区森林附近人类住区的按蚊物种多样性，并确定该地区可能从猴子传播病原体的物种。
使用幼虫和成虫采集进行蚊子监测，并用 COI 和 ITS2 基因的条形码标记、细胞色素氧化酶亚基 I（COI）和内部转录间隔 2（ITS2）基因对收集到的蚊子进行形态和分子鉴定。通过人降落捕获（HLC）和人诱双网陷阱（HDNT）收集的蚊子进行疟原虫孢子虫携带检测。
结果显示了几种按蚊物种，如黄头按蚊（16.6%）、苏拉威西按蚊（3.3%）、斑腿按蚊（3.3%）、库利按蚊（1.2%）和迷走按蚊（0.4%）。使用灵长类特异性疟疾引物对孢子虫携带情况的分子分析鉴定出苏拉威西按蚊携带疟原虫 inui 孢子虫，苏拉威西按蚊属于 Leucosphyrus 组。
本研究表明该地区存在人畜共患疟疾的传播可能，并提醒人们需要通过有针对性的地方媒介控制干预和 NHPs 栖息地保护来减轻这种传播。
