Anderson J H
Sabouraudia. 1979 Mar;17(1):13-22. doi: 10.1080/00362177985380031.
In vitro studies utilizing 4 pathogenic fungi, Trichosporon cutaneum, Candida albicans, Microsporum gypseum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes, all known from Hawaiian beaches, indicate that they survive in the fluctuating beach habitat where they can serve as potential sources of infection for significant periods of time. Survival was measured by testing the viability of propagules at intervals for 6 months. All species survived 6 months under 1 or more experimental conditions. Survival patterns showed both increases and decreases depending upon the given parameters designed to simulate various beach conditions. Propagules inoculated on hair and horn (keratinized inoculum) did not remain viable longer than propagules from pure culture suspensions (non-keratinized). Microbial antagonism was not a major factor in survival. All species survived at least 1 month in non-sterile sand inoculated with keratinized propagules. This condition approximated the natural sand habitat. Alternate wetting and drying of sand caused an overall decrease in survival time except for M. gypseum (non-keratinized inoculum) at 37 degrees C in sterile sand and T. mentagrophytes (keratinized inoculum) at 37 degrees C in non-sterile sand. Temperature was important: increasing temperature resulted in a general decrease in survival time; 45 degrees C was definitely inhibitory, with the exception of T. cutaneum which survived that level for 6 months (keratinized inoculum). Salinity did not influence survival.
利用4种致病真菌进行的体外研究表明，这些真菌已知存在于夏威夷海滩，分别为皮状丝孢酵母、白色念珠菌、石膏样小孢子菌和须癣毛癣菌，它们能在海滩栖息地的波动环境中存活相当长的时间，并有可能成为感染源。通过每隔一段时间检测繁殖体的活力来测定其存活情况，为期6个月。在1种或多种实验条件下，所有菌种均存活了6个月。根据模拟不同海滩条件所设定的参数，存活模式呈现出有增有减的情况。接种在毛发和角（角质化接种体）上的繁殖体存活时间并不比纯培养悬浮液（非角质化）中的繁殖体长。微生物拮抗作用并非存活的主要因素。所有菌种在接种角质化繁殖体的非无菌沙子中至少存活了1个月。这种条件近似于天然沙子栖息地。沙子的交替湿润和干燥导致存活时间总体减少，但在37摄氏度无菌沙子中的石膏样小孢子菌（非角质化接种体）和37摄氏度非无菌沙子中的须癣毛癣菌（角质化接种体）除外。温度很重要：温度升高会导致存活时间普遍减少；45摄氏度肯定具有抑制作用，但皮状丝孢酵母（角质化接种体）在该温度下存活了6个月。盐度不影响存活。
