School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Marys Quad., St Andrews, Fife KY16 9AP, Scotland.
Institut des Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, CNRS UMR 5287, Université de Bordeaux, 33706 Bordeaux, France.
Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2023 Oct;82:102753. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102753. Epub 2023 Aug 6.
The transition from larval to adult locomotion in the anuran, Xenopus laevis, involves a dramatic switch from axial to appendicular swimming including intermediate stages when the tail and hindlimbs co-exist and contribute to propulsion. Hatchling tadpole swimming is generated by an axial central pattern generator (CPG) which matures rapidly during early larval life. During metamorphosis, the developing limbs are controlled by a de novo appendicular CPG driven initially by the axial system before segregating to allow both systems to operate together or independently. Neuromodulation plays important roles throughout, but key modulators switch their effects from early inhibitory influences to facilitating locomotion. Temperature affects the construction and operation of locomotor networks and global changes in environmental temperature place aquatic poikilotherms, like amphibians, at risk. The locomotor control strategy of anurans differs from other amphibian groups such as salamanders, where evolution has acted upon the thyroid hormone pathway to sculpt different developmental outcomes.
从幼虫到成体运动的转变涉及到从轴向到附肢游泳的显著转变，包括尾巴和后肢共存并有助于推进的中间阶段。幼体蝌蚪的游泳是由轴向中枢模式发生器（CPG）产生的，该发生器在早期幼虫生活中迅速成熟。在变态期间，发育中的肢体由一个新的附肢 CPG 控制，最初由轴系统驱动，然后分离以允许两个系统一起或独立运行。神经调制在整个过程中起着重要作用，但关键的调制器将它们的作用从早期的抑制影响转变为促进运动。温度会影响运动网络的结构和功能，而环境温度的全球变化会使像两栖动物这样的水生变温动物面临风险。两栖动物的运动控制策略与其他两栖动物群体（如蝾螈）不同，在其他两栖动物群体中，甲状腺激素途径的进化导致了不同的发育结果。
