Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Jul 25;24(15):11892. doi: 10.3390/ijms241511892.
Accounting for 5-20% of the total glial cells present in the adult brain, microglia are involved in several functions: maintenance of the neural environment, response to injury and repair, immunesurveillance, cytokine secretion, regulation of phagocytosis, synaptic pruning, and sculpting postnatal neural circuits. Microglia contribute to some neurodevelopmental disorders, such as Nasu-Hakola disease (NHD), Tourette syndrome (TS), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and schizophrenia. Moreover, microglial involvement in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) diseases, has also been well established. During the last two decades, epidemiological and research studies have demonstrated the involvement of vitamin D3 (VD3) in the brain's pathophysiology. VD3 is a fat-soluble metabolite that is required for the proper regulation of many of the body's systems, as well as for normal human growth and development, and shows neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions and influences on neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity, playing a role in various neurological diseases. In order to better understand the exact mechanisms behind the diverse actions of VD3 in the brain, a large number of studies have been performed on isolated cells or tissues of the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we discuss the involvement of VD3 and microglia on neurodegeneration- and aging-related diseases.
在成人脑中，小胶质细胞占总神经胶质细胞的 5-20%，参与多种功能：维持神经环境、对损伤和修复做出反应、免疫监视、细胞因子分泌、吞噬作用调节、突触修剪和塑造出生后神经回路。小胶质细胞参与一些神经发育障碍，如 Nasu-Hakola 病 (NHD)、图雷特综合征 (TS)、自闭症谱系障碍 (ASD) 和精神分裂症。此外，小胶质细胞参与神经退行性疾病，如阿尔茨海默病 (AD) 和帕金森病 (PD)，也已得到充分证实。在过去的二十年中，流行病学和研究表明维生素 D3 (VD3) 参与了大脑的病理生理学。VD3 是一种脂溶性代谢物，对于许多身体系统的正常调节以及正常的人类生长和发育是必需的，具有神经营养和神经保护作用，并影响神经传递和突触可塑性，在各种神经疾病中发挥作用。为了更好地理解 VD3 在大脑中的多种作用的确切机制，已经对中枢神经系统 (CNS) 的分离细胞或组织进行了大量研究。在这里，我们讨论了 VD3 和小胶质细胞在与神经退行性变和衰老相关的疾病中的作用。
