Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.
School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
BMC Microbiol. 2023 Aug 12;23(1):218. doi: 10.1186/s12866-023-02965-z.
The most serious challenges in medicinal 'Sanghuang' mushroom production are the fungal diseases caused by various molds. Application of biological agents has been regarded as a potential crop disease management strategy. Here, the soil microbiome associated with 'Sanghuang' mushroom affected by fungal diseases grown under field cultivation (FC) and hanging cultivation (HC) was characterized using culture-dependent and culture-independent methods.
A total of 12,525 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and 168 pure cultures were obtained using high-throughput sequencing and a culture-dependent method, respectively. From high-throughput sequencing, we found that HC samples had more OTUs, higher α-diversity, and greater microbial community complexity than FC samples. Analysis of β-diversity divided the soil microbes into two groups according to cultivation mode. Basidiomycota (48.6%) and Ascomycota (46.5%) were the two dominant fungal phyla in FC samples, with the representative genera Trichoderma (56.3%), Coprinellus (29.4%) and Discosia (4.8%), while only the phylum Ascomycota (84.5%) was predominant in HC samples, with the representative genera Discosia (34.0%), Trichoderma (30.2%), Penicillium (14.9%), and Aspergillus (7.8%). Notably, Trichoderma was predominant in both the culture-independent and culture-dependent analyses, with Trichoderma sp. FZ0005 showing high host pathogenicity. Among the 87 culturable bacteria, 15 exhibited varying extents of antifungal activity against Trichoderma sp. FZ0005, with three strains of Bacillus spp. (HX0037, HX0016, and HX0039) showing outstanding antifungal capacity.
Overall, our results suggest that Trichoderma is the major causal agent of 'Sanghuang' fungal diseases and that Bacillus strains may be used as biocontrol agents in 'Sanghuang' cultivation.
药用“桑黄”蘑菇生产中最严重的挑战是各种霉菌引起的真菌病害。应用生物制剂被认为是一种潜在的作物病害管理策略。在这里，采用培养依赖和非培养依赖的方法，对田间栽培（FC）和悬挂栽培（HC）下受真菌病害影响的“桑黄”蘑菇相关土壤微生物组进行了特征描述。
通过高通量测序和培养依赖的方法，分别获得了 12525 个操作分类单元（OTUs）和 168 个纯培养物。从高通量测序中，我们发现 HC 样本的 OTUs 更多，α-多样性更高，微生物群落复杂性更大。β-多样性分析根据培养方式将土壤微生物分为两组。担子菌门（48.6%）和子囊菌门（46.5%）是 FC 样本中两个主要的真菌门，代表属有 Trichoderma（56.3%）、Coprinellus（29.4%）和 Discosia（4.8%），而 HC 样本中仅子囊菌门（84.5%）占优势，代表属有 Discosia（34.0%）、Trichoderma（30.2%）、Penicillium（14.9%）和 Aspergillus（7.8%）。值得注意的是，Trichoderma 在非培养和培养依赖分析中均占主导地位，Trichoderma sp. FZ0005 对宿主具有较高的致病性。在 87 株可培养细菌中，有 15 株对 Trichoderma sp. FZ0005 表现出不同程度的抗真菌活性，其中 3 株芽孢杆菌（HX0037、HX0016 和 HX0039）表现出突出的抗真菌能力。
总体而言，我们的结果表明 Trichoderma 是“桑黄”真菌病害的主要病原体，芽孢杆菌菌株可能可作为“桑黄”栽培中的生物防治剂。
