The urgent need for contingency management among Tribal communities in the United States: Considerations for implementation, policy, and sovereignty.

In two randomized controlled trials, culturally adapted contingency management (i.e., incentives provided for substance-negative urine samples) was associated with reduced alcohol and drug use among geographically diverse American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) adults. In response to interest in contingency management from other Tribal and AI/AN communities, our research team in collaboration with AI/AN behavioral health experts, translated the research into practice with new AI/AN community partners. Tenets of community-based participatory research were applied to develop, pilot, and refine contingency management training and implementation tools, and identify implementation challenges. In partnership with the AI/AN communities, four members of the university team developed tools and identified implementation and policy strategies to increase the successful uptake of contingency management in each location. Through our collaborative work, we identified policy barriers including inadequate federal funding of contingency management incentives and a need for further clarity regarding federal anti-kickback regulations. Adoption of contingency management is feasible and can strengthen Tribal communities' capacity to deliver evidence-based substance use disorder treatments to AI/AN people. Unfortunately, non-evidence-based limits to the use of federal funding for contingency management incentives discriminate against AI/AN communities. We recommend specific federal policy reforms, as well as other practical solutions for Tribal communities interested in contingency management.