Institute of Neuroscience, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences of Ministry of Education, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
Neurosci Bull. 2024 Jan;40(1):103-112. doi: 10.1007/s12264-023-01095-w. Epub 2023 Aug 16.
Neuronomodulation refers to the modulation of neural conduction and synaptic transmission (i.e., the conduction process involved in synaptic transmission) of excitable neurons via changes in the membrane potential in response to chemical substances, from spillover neurotransmitters to paracrine or endocrine hormones circulating in the blood. Neuronomodulation can be direct or indirect, depending on the transduction pathways from the ligand binding site to the ion pore, either on the same molecule, i.e. the ion channel, or through an intermediate step on different molecules. The major players in direct neuronomodulation are ligand-gated or voltage-gated ion channels. The key process of direct neuronomodulation is the binding and chemoactivation of ligand-gated or voltage-gated ion channels, either orthosterically or allosterically, by various ligands. Indirect neuronomodulation involves metabotropic receptor-mediated slow potentials, where steroid hormones, cytokines, and chemokines can implement these actions. Elucidating neuronomodulation is of great significance for understanding the physiological mechanisms of brain function, and the occurrence and treatment of diseases.
神经调节是指通过改变膜电位对化学物质（包括从溢出的神经递质到在血液中循环的旁分泌或内分泌激素）的反应，来调节可兴奋神经元的神经传导和突触传递（即突触传递所涉及的传导过程）。神经调节可以是直接的，也可以是间接的，这取决于从配体结合位点到离子通道的转导途径，是在同一分子（即离子通道）上，还是通过不同分子的中间步骤。直接神经调节的主要参与者是配体门控或电压门控离子通道。直接神经调节的关键过程是各种配体对离子通道的正位或变构结合和化学激活，包括配体门控和电压门控离子通道。间接神经调节涉及代谢型受体介导的缓慢电位，甾体激素、细胞因子和趋化因子可以通过这些作用来实现。阐明神经调节对于理解大脑功能的生理机制以及疾病的发生和治疗具有重要意义。
