Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Mumbai, 400019, Maharashtra, India.
Mol Neurobiol. 2024 Jan;61(1):212-223. doi: 10.1007/s12035-023-03578-3. Epub 2023 Aug 19.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects the elderly population. It gradually leads to memory loss, loss of thinking ability, and an overall cognitive decline. However, exhaustive literature is available to suggest that pathological changes in the brain occur decades before the first clinical symptoms appear. This review provides insight into the non-invasive biomarkers for early detection of AD that have been successfully studied in populations across the globe. These biomarkers have been detected in the blood, saliva, breath, and urine samples. Retinal imaging techniques are also reported. In this study, PubMed and Google scholar were the databases employed using keywords "Alzheimer's disease," "neurodegeneration," "non-invasive biomarkers," "early diagnosis," "blood-based biomarkers," and "preclinical AD," among others. The evaluation of these biomarkers will provide early diagnosis of AD in the preclinical stages due to their positive correlation with brain pathology in AD. Early diagnosis with reliable and timely intervention can effectively manage this disease.
阿尔茨海默病（AD）是一种进行性神经退行性疾病，主要影响老年人群体。它会逐渐导致记忆力减退、思维能力丧失和整体认知能力下降。然而，有大量文献表明，大脑的病理变化在首次出现临床症状前几十年就已经发生。本综述提供了对全球人群中成功研究的 AD 早期检测的非侵入性生物标志物的深入了解。这些生物标志物已在血液、唾液、呼吸和尿液样本中被检测到。视网膜成像技术也有报道。在这项研究中，使用了 PubMed 和 Google Scholar 数据库，使用的关键词包括“阿尔茨海默病”、“神经退行性变”、“非侵入性生物标志物”、“早期诊断”、“基于血液的生物标志物”和“临床前 AD”等。由于这些生物标志物与 AD 患者大脑病理具有正相关性，因此对其进行评估将有助于在临床前期对 AD 进行早期诊断。早期诊断并及时进行干预可以有效地控制这种疾病。
