Genetic characterization of and spp. from humans and poultry in Nigeria.

The emergence of antibiotic resistance in livestock, especially food-producing animals, is of major public health importance as a result of the possibility of these bacteria entering the food chain. In this study, the genetic characteristics of antibiotic-resistant and spp. isolates from humans and poultry in Edo state, Nigeria, were investigated. In April 2017, 45 spp. and 46 isolates were obtained from urine, clinical wounds, nasal and chicken faecal samples. Isolates were recovered and identified as previously described. Species identification was achieved by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry and ribosomal multilocus sequence typing. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out using the Kirby-Bauer method for 12 antibiotics. A double disc synergy test was used to screen for extended-spectrum beta-lactamse (ESBL) production. Whole genome sequencing was performed for strain characterization of the isolates. Thirteen spp. isolates yielded positive results by the ESBL phenotypic test and harboured ESBL genes. Of the 46 isolates, 21 human and 13 poultry isolates were resistant to at least one of the tested antibiotics. Four human isolates harboured ESBL genes and revealed positive results when applying ESBL double disc synergy tests. ESBL genes in the spp. and isolates include and . Whole genome-based core gene multilocus sequence typing of the spp. and isolates revealed a close relatedness among the isolates. An integrated 'One Health' surveillance system is required to monitor transmission of antimicrobial resistance in Nigeria.