Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA Center for Sleep Research, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Neurobiology Research 151A3, North Hills, CA 91343, United States.
Rev Neurol (Paris). 2023 Oct;179(7):643-648. doi: 10.1016/j.neurol.2023.08.002. Epub 2023 Aug 23.
Since the discovery of REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep in 1953, misconceptions have arisen as to the evidence for its adaptive function and its relation to dreams. Eye movements recorded during REM sleep have not been consistently reported to mirror the eye movements predicted by dream reports. But evidence on eye movement and somatic motor expression from patients with REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is consistent with dream enacting behavior. The assumption that dreaming occurs only in REM sleep is incorrect, with numerous reports of nonREM dreaming. However, there may be qualitative differences between REM and nonREM dreams. Early studies that suggested a vital role for REM sleep in psychological well-being are refuted by studies of pharmacologically induced partial or complete REM sleep suppression. Studies of sleep across species show that the primitive monotreme mammals, platypus and echidna, have far more REM sleep than any other homeotherm group, whereas birds have far less REM sleep than any other homeotherm group. Human REM sleep amounts are not unusual, are correlated with nonREM sleep durations but are not correlated with intelligence. Across groups of homeotherms, REM sleep time is highly and inversely correlated (r=-0.975, P=0.02) with average core body temperature, suggesting that REM sleep cycles with nonREM sleep to regulate brain temperature during sleep. Cetacean mammals (dolphins and whales) do not have REM sleep despite their very large brain sizes and impressive cognitive abilities. Reports of "REM sleep-like states" in arachnids, cephalopods and in zebrafish larvae are lacking critical evidence that the observed behaviors are occurring during sleep and that the behaviors are homologous to mammalian REM sleep.
自 1953 年发现 REM（快速眼动）睡眠以来，人们对其适应功能及其与梦境的关系产生了一些误解。在 REM 睡眠期间记录的眼球运动并没有一致地报告说反映了梦境报告中预测的眼球运动。但是，来自 REM 睡眠行为障碍（RBD）患者的眼球运动和躯体运动表达的证据与梦境表现行为一致。只有在 REM 睡眠中才会做梦的假设是不正确的，有大量非 REM 做梦的报告。但是，REM 和非 REM 梦境之间可能存在质量差异。早期的研究表明 REM 睡眠对心理健康起着至关重要的作用，但药理学诱导的部分或完全 REM 睡眠抑制研究反驳了这一假设。对跨物种睡眠的研究表明，原始的单孔类哺乳动物鸭嘴兽和针鼹具有比任何其他恒温动物群体更多的 REM 睡眠，而鸟类的 REM 睡眠比任何其他恒温动物群体都少。人类 REM 睡眠时间并不罕见，与非 REM 睡眠时间相关，但与智力无关。在恒温动物群体中，REM 睡眠时间与平均核心体温高度负相关（r=-0.975，P=0.02），这表明 REM 睡眠周期与非 REM 睡眠一起调节睡眠期间大脑温度。尽管鲸鱼和海豚的大脑非常大，认知能力令人印象深刻，但它们没有 REM 睡眠。关于蛛形纲动物、头足类动物和斑马鱼幼虫的“类似于 REM 睡眠的状态”的报告缺乏关键证据，即观察到的行为是在睡眠期间发生的，并且这些行为与哺乳动物的 REM 睡眠同源。
