Fernandes Hocelayne Paulino, Choi Young Hae, Vrieling Klaas, de Bresser Maikel, Sewalt Bobbie, Tonolo Francesco
Aboveground-belowground Interaction Group, Plant Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.
Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.
Front Plant Sci. 2023 Aug 11;14:1233191. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1233191. eCollection 2023.
L. is a plant with a wide range of potential medicinal applications. In recent years, polyploidy has gained attention as a potential strategy for rapidly improving , which, unlike other modern crops, has not yet benefitted from this established biotechnological application. Currently, no reports on high THCA and CBDA drug-type polyploid cultivars have been published. Moreover, it still needs to be clarified if different cultivars react similarly to polyploidization. For these reasons, we set out to evaluate and compare the phenotype and chemotype of three high Δ-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) and one high cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) drug-type cultivars in their diploid, triploid and tetraploid state through agronomic and metabolomic approaches. Our observations on plant morphology revealed a significant increase in plant height and leaf size with increasing ploidy levels in a cultivar-dependent manner. In contrast, cannabinoids were negatively affected by polyploidization, with the concentration of total cannabinoids, THCA, CBDA and cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) decreasing significantly in higher ploidy levels across all four cultivars. Headspace analysis of volatiles revealed that total volatile content decreased in triploids. On the other hand, tetraploids reacted differently depending on the cultivars. Two THCA dominant cultivars showed an increase in concentrations, while in the other two cultivars, concentrations decreased. Additionally, several rare compounds not present in diploids appeared in higher ploidy levels. Moreover, in one high THCA cultivar, a couple of elite tetraploid genotypes for cannabinoid and volatile production were identified, highlighting the role of cultivar and genotypic variability as an important factor in L. polyploids. Overall, our observations on plant morphology align with the giga phenotype observed in polyploids of other plant species. The decrease in cannabinoids and volatiles production in triploids have relevant implications regarding their commercial use. On the other hand, this study found that tetraploidization is a suitable approach to improve L. medicinal potential, although the response is cultivar and genotype-dependent. This work lays the ground for further improving, evaluating and harnessing L. chemical diversity by the breeding, biotechnological and pharmaceutical sectors.
L. 是一种具有广泛潜在药用价值的植物。近年来，多倍体作为一种快速改良的潜在策略受到关注，与其他现代作物不同，L. 尚未从这种成熟的生物技术应用中受益。目前，尚未有关于高四氢大麻酸（THCA）和大麻二酚酸（CBDA）药物型多倍体品种的报道。此外，不同品种对多倍体化的反应是否相似仍有待阐明。出于这些原因，我们着手通过农艺学和代谢组学方法，评估和比较三个高Δ-四氢大麻酚酸（THCA）和一个高大麻二酚酸（CBDA）药物型品种在其二倍体、三倍体和四倍体状态下的表型和化学型。我们对植物形态的观察表明，随着倍性水平的增加，植株高度和叶片大小显著增加，且存在品种依赖性。相比之下，大麻素受到多倍体化的负面影响，在所有四个品种中，随着倍性水平的提高，总大麻素、THCA、CBDA 和大麻二酚酸（CBGA）的浓度显著降低。挥发性成分的顶空分析表明，三倍体中的总挥发性成分含量降低。另一方面，四倍体根据品种的不同表现出不同的反应。两个以 THCA 为主的品种浓度增加，而在另外两个品种中，浓度降低。此外，一些在二倍体中不存在的稀有化合物在较高倍性水平中出现。此外，在一个高 THCA 品种中，鉴定出了几个用于大麻素和挥发性成分生产的优良四倍体基因型，突出了品种和基因型变异性作为 L. 多倍体中一个重要因素的作用。总体而言，我们对植物形态的观察与在其他植物物种的多倍体中观察到的巨大表型一致。三倍体中大麻素和挥发性成分产量的降低对其商业用途具有相关影响。另一方面，本研究发现四倍体化是提高 L. 药用潜力的合适方法，尽管反应因品种和基因型而异。这项工作为育种、生物技术和制药行业进一步改善、评估和利用 L. 的化学多样性奠定了基础。
