Department of Psychology and MRC/Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.
School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK.
Neuropsychopharmacology. 2024 Jan;49(2):422-432. doi: 10.1038/s41386-023-01707-z. Epub 2023 Aug 29.
Effort-based decision-making is impaired in multiple psychopathologies leading to significant impacts on the daily life of patients. Preclinical studies of this important transdiagnostic symptom in rodents are hampered, however, by limitations present in currently available decision-making tests, including the presence of delayed reinforcement and off-target cognitive demands. Such possible confounding factors can complicate the interpretation of results in terms of decision-making per se. In this study we addressed this problem using a novel touchscreen Rearing-Effort Discounting (RED) task in which mice choose between two single-touch responses: rearing up to touch an increasingly higher positioned stimulus to obtain a High Reward (HR) or touching a lower stimulus to obtain a Low Reward (LR). To explore the putative advantages of this new approach, RED was compared with a touchscreen version of the well-studied Fixed Ratio-based Effort Discounting (FRED) task, in which multiple touches are required to obtain an HR, and a single response is required to obtain an LR. Results from dopaminergic (haloperidol and d-amphetamine), behavioral (changes in the order of effort demand; fixed-ratio schedule in FRED or response height in RED), and dietary manipulations (reward devaluation by pre-feeding) were consistent with the presence of variables that may complicate interpretation of conventional decision-making tasks, and demonstrate how RED appears to minimize such variables.
基于努力的决策在多种精神病理学中受损，导致患者日常生活受到重大影响。然而，由于目前可用的决策测试存在局限性，啮齿动物的这种重要跨诊断症状的临床前研究受到阻碍，包括延迟强化和目标外认知需求的存在。这些可能的混杂因素可能使本身的决策结果的解释变得复杂。在这项研究中，我们使用一种新的触摸屏育雏努力折扣（RED）任务来解决这个问题，在该任务中，老鼠在两种单一触摸反应之间进行选择：向上育雏以触摸位置越来越高的刺激以获得高奖励（HR），或触摸较低的刺激以获得低奖励（LR）。为了探索这种新方法的潜在优势，我们将 RED 与经过充分研究的基于固定比率的努力折扣（FRED）任务的触摸屏版本进行了比较，在 FRED 中，需要多次触摸才能获得 HR，而只需一次触摸即可获得 LR。结果表明，多巴胺能（氟哌啶醇和安非他命）、行为（努力需求顺序的变化；FRED 中的固定比率时间表或 RED 中的响应高度）和饮食操作（预喂食导致奖励贬值），这些结果与可能使传统决策任务的解释复杂化的变量的存在一致，并表明 RED 如何似乎最小化了这些变量。
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