Pediatric Surgery Division, Department of Surgery/Genetics Working Group/Translational Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
BMC Med Genomics. 2023 Aug 29;16(1):205. doi: 10.1186/s12920-023-01637-1.
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant has replaced the previously dominant Delta variant because of high transmissibility. However, studies on the impact of the Omicron variant on the severity of COVID-19 are still limited in developing countries. Our study aimed to determine the prognostic factors for the outcomes of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta variants, including age, sex, comorbidities, and smoking.
In this retrospective cross-sectional study, we involved 352 patients with COVID-19 from Yogyakarta and Central Java provinces, Indonesia, from May 2021 to February 2022, consisting of 164 males and 188 females. We included all patients with the PCR's Ct value of less than 30 for further whole-genome sequencing.
Ct value and mean age of COVID-19 patients were not significantly different between both groups (p = 0.146 and 0.273, respectively). Patients infected with Omicron (n = 139) and Delta (n = 213) variants showed similar hospitalization (p = 0.396) and mortality rates (p = 0.565). Multivariate analysis of both groups showed that older age (≥ 65 years) had a higher risk for hospitalization (OR = 3.86 [95% CI = 1.29-11.5]; p = 0.015) and fatalities (OR = 3.91 [95% CI = 1.35-11.42]; p = 0.012). In both groups, patients with cardiovascular disease had a higher risk for hospitalization (OR = 5.36 [95% CI = 1.08-26.52]; p = 0.039), whereas patients with diabetes revealed a higher risk for fatalities (OR = 9.47 [95% CI = 3.23-27.01]; p = < 0.001).
Our study shows that patients infected with Omicron and Delta variants reveal similar clinical outcomes, including hospitalization and mortality. Our findings further confirm that older age, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes are substantial prognostic factors for the outcomes of COVID-19 patients. Our findings imply that COVID-19 patients with older age, cardiovascular disease, or diabetes should be treated comprehensively and cautiously to prevent further morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, incomplete data on vaccination status hampered us from analyzing further its impact on hospitalization and mortality in our patients.
由于高传染性，SARS-CoV-2 的奥密克戎变体已经取代了之前占主导地位的德尔塔变体。然而，关于奥密克戎变体对 COVID-19 严重程度影响的研究在发展中国家仍然有限。我们的研究旨在确定感染 SARS-CoV-2 奥密克戎和德尔塔变体的患者预后的预测因素，包括年龄、性别、合并症和吸烟。
在这项回顾性横断面研究中，我们纳入了 2021 年 5 月至 2022 年 2 月期间来自印度尼西亚日惹和中爪哇省的 352 名 COVID-19 患者，其中包括 164 名男性和 188 名女性。我们纳入了所有 PCR 的 Ct 值小于 30 的患者进行进一步的全基因组测序。
奥密克戎组（n=139）和德尔塔组（n=213）的 Ct 值和平均年龄在两组之间无显著差异（p=0.146 和 0.273）。感染奥密克戎（n=139）和德尔塔（n=213）变体的患者住院（p=0.396）和死亡率（p=0.565）相似。两组的多变量分析均表明，年龄较大（≥65 岁）的患者住院（OR=3.86 [95% CI=1.29-11.5]；p=0.015）和死亡（OR=3.91 [95% CI=1.35-11.42]；p=0.012）的风险更高。在两组中，患有心血管疾病的患者住院（OR=5.36 [95% CI=1.08-26.52]；p=0.039）的风险更高，而患有糖尿病的患者死亡（OR=9.47 [95% CI=3.23-27.01]；p<0.001）的风险更高。
我们的研究表明，感染奥密克戎和德尔塔变体的患者显示出相似的临床结果，包括住院和死亡。我们的研究结果进一步证实，年龄较大、心血管疾病和糖尿病是 COVID-19 患者预后的重要预测因素。我们的研究结果表明，年龄较大、患有心血管疾病或糖尿病的 COVID-19 患者应得到全面和谨慎的治疗，以防止进一步的发病率和死亡率。此外，关于疫苗接种状态的不完全数据阻碍了我们进一步分析其对我们患者住院和死亡率的影响。
