Shielding Effects of Aromatic (Indole) Ring for Structural Analysis.

This review provides a critical analysis of shielding effects induced by an aromatic (indole) ring of small molecules mainly including three members of naturally occurring secondary metabolites asterric acid analogs, diketopiperazines (DKPs) possessing an aromatic or an indole ring, and rubrolides. Empirical rules about the shielding effects induced by an aromatic (indole) ring are classified, based on which some H NMR chemical shift values in the A-ring and structures of asterric acid analogs are revised, and the relative configurations of some DKPs possessing an indole ring are also assigned or revised. The empirical rules could provide an efficient and convenient method for NMR data analysis and configuration determination for the three members of small molecules mentioned above.