Diaz-Valdes Antonia, Matz-Costa Christina, Rutledge Mathew S, Calvo Esteban
Society and Health Research Center, Social Science and Arts Faculty, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.
Millennium Nucleo of Socio Medicine (SocioMed), Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.
Int J Aging Hum Dev. 2024 Apr;98(3):300-328. doi: 10.1177/00914150231196095. Epub 2023 Aug 30.
The average retirement age in the United States (U.S.) has increased over the past few decades. However, the rate of increase for Hispanics is lower than that for non-Hispanics. For Hispanics, the decision to retire later may be more influenced by their migration history and context rather than health or finances. This study aims to explore the differences in the determinants of intentions to delay retirement (i.e., work beyond the age of 65) between Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites in the U.S. A pooled sample was generated from all waves of the Health and Retirement Study (1992-2014), including a unique record for each non-institutionalized individual aged 55-61 who was employed. All eligible Hispanics ( = 3,663) were included, while a random sample of non-Hispanic Whites ( = 3,663) was selected. Logistic mixed models were conducted for each group, and a Two-fold Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition analysis was used to explore differences between the groups. The results indicate that non-Hispanic Whites are more likely to plan to postpone retirement. Furthermore, significant differences were found between Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites regarding their intentions to delay retirement, specifically related to socioeconomic indicators such as individual earnings, amount of debt, level of education, and parents' level of education. The differences between the groups were primarily influenced by the amount of debt, having a defined benefit plan, and parents' level of education, reflecting the cumulative disadvantage experienced by Hispanics over their life course. Most existing research on the topic has focused on middle-class Whites, while few studies have examined race or ethnicity as the primary focus or explored the extent to which commonly identified predictors of delayed retirement apply to different ethno-racial groups. This is significant because Hispanics and other disadvantaged groups tend to experience financial insecurity during retirement, which directly impacts their health and well-being.
在过去几十年里，美国的平均退休年龄有所增加。然而，西班牙裔的增长速度低于非西班牙裔。对于西班牙裔来说，推迟退休的决定可能更多地受到他们的移民历史和背景的影响，而不是健康或财务状况。本研究旨在探讨美国西班牙裔和非西班牙裔白人在延迟退休意愿（即65岁以后继续工作）的决定因素上的差异。我们从健康与退休研究（1992 - 2014年）的所有波次中生成了一个合并样本，其中包括每一位年龄在55 - 61岁且就业的非机构化个体的唯一记录。所有符合条件的西班牙裔（n = 3663）都被纳入，同时选取了非西班牙裔白人的随机样本（n = 3663）。对每个组进行了逻辑混合模型分析，并使用了双重奥克萨卡 - 布林德分解分析来探讨组间差异。结果表明，非西班牙裔白人更有可能计划推迟退休。此外，在西班牙裔和非西班牙裔白人之间，关于他们延迟退休的意愿存在显著差异，特别是与社会经济指标有关，如个人收入、债务金额、教育水平和父母的教育水平。组间差异主要受债务金额、拥有固定收益计划以及父母的教育水平影响，这反映了西班牙裔在其生命历程中所经历的累积劣势。关于这个主题的大多数现有研究都集中在中产阶级白人身上，而很少有研究将种族或族裔作为主要关注点，或者探讨通常确定的延迟退休预测因素在不同种族群体中的适用程度。这很重要，因为西班牙裔和其他弱势群体在退休期间往往会经历经济不安全，这直接影响他们的健康和福祉。
