Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
French Institute for Demographic Studies, Aubervilliers, France.
Demography. 2023 Oct 1;60(5):1335-1357. doi: 10.1215/00703370-10938784.
The migrant mortality advantage (MMA) has been observed in many immigrant-receiving countries, but its underlying factors remain poorly understood. This article examines the role of return migration selection effects in explaining the MMA among males aged 65+ using a rich, unique dataset from France. This dataset contains information on native-born and foreign-born pensioners who are tracked worldwide until they die, providing a rare opportunity to assess return migration selection effects and their impact on the MMA. Results provide evidence of substantial and systematic negative return migration selection among foreign-born males in France. Old-age returns, in particular, appear particularly affected by such selection; however, they are not frequent enough to explain the MMA at ages 65+. By contrast, returns at younger ages are much more frequent, and the MMA at ages 65+ essentially disappears once these earlier returns are considered. This study extends the literature on negative selection at return and its impact on the MMA by providing evidence that such negative selection may operate not only at older ages but throughout the life course, with impacts on the MMA that are larger than previously suggested.
移民死亡率优势（MMA）在许多移民接收国家都有观察到，但其潜在因素仍未得到很好的理解。本文使用来自法国的丰富、独特数据集，考察了老年男性 MMA 中归国移民选择效应的作用。该数据集包含了全球范围内追踪的本地出生和外国出生的养老金领取者的信息，为评估归国移民选择效应及其对 MMA 的影响提供了难得的机会。研究结果提供了法国老年男性外国出生者存在大量系统性负向归国移民选择的证据。尤其是老年归国者，似乎受到这种选择的特别影响；然而，这种归国者的数量不够频繁，无法解释 65 岁以上的 MMA。相比之下，年轻时的归国者要频繁得多，一旦考虑到这些早期归国者，65 岁以上的 MMA 基本就消失了。本研究通过提供证据，扩展了归国负向选择及其对 MMA 影响的文献，表明这种负向选择可能不仅在老年时期起作用，而且贯穿整个生命过程，对 MMA 的影响比之前所认为的要大。
