Ariaratnam Suthahar, Kee Cheong C, Krishnapillai Ambigga D, Sanaudi Ridwan, Tohit Noorlaili Mohd, Ho Kiau B, Ghazali Sazlina Shariff, Omar Mohd Azahadi
Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sungai Buloh, Malaysia.
Sector for Biostatistics and Data Repository, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam, Malaysia.
Tob Induc Dis. 2023 Aug 30;21:109. doi: 10.18332/tid/169682. eCollection 2023.
Literature exploring smoking status and its association with depression among the elderly population using nationwide data in Malaysia is limited. Hence, a nationwide survey to determine the prevalence of smoking and depression among the elderly (aged ≥60 years) population was undertaken.
This secondary dataset analysis used data from the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2018. Data from 3914 participants were collected on elderly health in the Malaysian population. Sociodemographic characteristics were recorded. Smoking status was grouped as current smokers, former smokers, and non-smokers. A validated Malay language version of the Geriatric Depression Scale (M-GDS-14) was used to screen for depression among the elderly.
There was a significant association between smoking status with location, gender, employment status, marital status, ethnicity, education level, income, and depression. Current smokers are significantly higher in rural than urban areas. Among depressed participants, 65.7%, 17.1% and 17.2% were non-smokers, former smokers and current smokers, respectively. Multiple logistic regression showed that single (unmarried/separated/ divorced/widowed) participants were more likely to be depressed compared to married participants (AOR=1.68; 95% CI: 1.16-2.43). Whilst unemployed participants were more likely to be depressed than those who were employed (AOR=1.72; 95% CI: 1.22-2.44). Other Bumiputras were more likely to have depression compared to Malay, Chinese and Indian participants. Participants without formal education were more likely to be depressed compared to those having tertiary education. These participants have a 2-fold increased risk of depression (AOR=2.13; 95% CI: 1.02-4.45). Participants whose monthly salaries were <2000 MYR (AOR=3.67; 95% CI: 1.84-7.31) and 1000-1999 MYR (AOR=2.71; 95% CI: 1.23-5.94) were more likely to have depression compared with those who had received ≥3000 MYR. Ever smokers were more likely to be depressed than non-smokers (AOR=1.68; 95% CI: 1.23-2.29).
Elderly Malaysians are indeed at risk of developing depression particularly if they had ever smoked. Public health awareness and campaigning are pertinent to disseminate these outcomes in order to spread the awareness associated with smoking-related depression.
利用马来西亚全国性数据探索老年人吸烟状况及其与抑郁症之间关联的文献有限。因此，开展了一项全国性调查，以确定老年（≥60岁）人群中吸烟和抑郁症的患病率。
这项二次数据集分析使用了2018年全国健康与发病率调查（NHMS）的数据。收集了马来西亚人群中3914名参与者的老年健康数据。记录了社会人口学特征。吸烟状况分为当前吸烟者、既往吸烟者和非吸烟者。使用经过验证的马来语版老年抑郁量表（M-GDS-14）对老年人进行抑郁症筛查。
吸烟状况与居住地点、性别、就业状况、婚姻状况、种族、教育水平、收入和抑郁症之间存在显著关联。农村地区当前吸烟者的比例显著高于城市地区。在抑郁参与者中，非吸烟者、既往吸烟者和当前吸烟者分别占65.7%、17.1%和17.2%。多元逻辑回归显示，单身（未婚/分居/离婚/丧偶）参与者比已婚参与者更易患抑郁症（比值比[AOR]=1.68；95%置信区间[CI]：1.16 - 2.43）。同时，失业参与者比就业参与者更易患抑郁症（AOR=1.72；95%CI：1.22 - 2.44）。与马来族、华族和印族参与者相比，其他原住民更易患抑郁症。未接受正规教育的参与者比接受高等教育的参与者更易患抑郁症。这些参与者患抑郁症的风险增加了两倍（AOR=2.13；95%CI：1.02 - 4.45）。月工资<2000马来西亚林吉特（AOR=3.67；95%CI：1.84 - 7.31）和1000 - 1999马来西亚林吉特（AOR=2.71；95%CI：1.23 - 5.94）的参与者比月工资≥3000马来西亚林吉特的参与者更易患抑郁症。既往吸烟者比非吸烟者更易患抑郁症（AOR=1.68；95%CI：1.23 - 2.29）。
马来西亚老年人确实有患抑郁症的风险，尤其是那些曾经吸烟的人。公共卫生意识宣传活动对于传播这些结果、提高与吸烟相关抑郁症的认知至关重要。
