Effect of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Although cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is recommended as a first-line treatment, its efficacy for workers with insomnia remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the effectiveness of CBT-I in the management of insomnia symptoms in workers. We searched the literature in three electronic databases, namely PubMed, PsycINFO, and Embase, and included 21 studies in the meta-analysis. Compared with the control group, CBT-I overall resulted in significant improvements in terms of severity of insomnia (g = -0.91), sleep onset latency (g = -0.62), wakefulness after sleep onset (g = -0.60), early morning awakening (g = -0.58), and sleep efficiency (g = 0.71). However, there was no improvement in the total sleep time relative to that in the control group. Furthermore, CBT-I significantly alleviated depressive (g = -0.37) and anxiety (g = -0.35) symptoms and fatigue (g = -0.47) compared with the control group. Our study findings suggest that both web-based and face-to-face CBT-I are effective interventions for managing insomnia symptoms in daytime workers, although it is important to note that only face-to-face CBT-I achieved clinically meaningful changes. The effectiveness of CBT-I for shift workers could not be determined.