Joint Research Unit Animal, Health, Territories, Risks, Ecosystems (UMR ASTRE), French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Montpellier, France.
Joint Research Unit Land, Environment, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information (UMR TETIS), Université de Montpellier, AgroParisTech, French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Montpellier, France.
PLoS One. 2023 Sep 5;18(9):e0285341. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285341. eCollection 2023.
Event-Based Surveillance (EBS) tools, such as HealthMap and PADI-web, monitor online news reports and other unofficial sources, with the primary aim to provide timely information to users from health agencies on disease outbreaks occurring worldwide. In this work, we describe how outbreak-related information disseminates from a primary source, via a secondary source, to a definitive aggregator, an EBS tool, during the 2018/19 avian influenza season. We analysed 337 news items from the PADI-web and 115 news articles from HealthMap EBS tools reporting avian influenza outbreaks in birds worldwide between July 2018 and June 2019. We used the sources cited in the news to trace the path of each outbreak. We built a directed network with nodes representing the sources (characterised by type, specialisation, and geographical focus) and edges representing the flow of information. We calculated the degree as a centrality measure to determine the importance of the nodes in information dissemination. We analysed the role of the sources in early detection (detection of an event before its official notification) to the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) and late detection. A total of 23% and 43% of the avian influenza outbreaks detected by the PADI-web and HealthMap, respectively, were shared on time before their notification. For both tools, national and local veterinary authorities were the primary sources of early detection. The early detection component mainly relied on the dissemination of nationally acknowledged events by online news and press agencies, bypassing international reporting to the WAOH. WOAH was the major secondary source for late detection, occupying a central position between national authorities and disseminator sources, such as online news. PADI-web and HealthMap were highly complementary in terms of detected sources, explaining why 90% of the events were detected by only one of the tools. We show that current EBS tools can provide timely outbreak-related information and priority news sources to improve digital disease surveillance.
基于事件的监测 (EBS) 工具，如 HealthMap 和 PADI-web，监测在线新闻报道和其他非官方来源，主要目的是向全球卫生机构的用户提供有关疾病暴发的及时信息。在这项工作中，我们描述了在 2018/19 年禽流感季节期间，与暴发相关的信息如何从主要来源通过次要来源传播到最终的聚合器，即 EBS 工具。我们分析了 PADI-web 上的 337 条新闻和 HealthMap EBS 工具上的 115 条新闻，报道了 2018 年 7 月至 2019 年 6 月期间全球鸟类中的禽流感暴发。我们使用新闻中引用的来源来追踪每个暴发的路径。我们构建了一个有向网络，节点代表来源（由类型、专业化和地理重点表示），边代表信息的流动。我们计算了度作为衡量节点在信息传播中的重要性的中心度指标。我们分析了来源在向世界动物卫生组织 (WOAH) 早期检测（在事件正式通报之前检测到事件）和晚期检测中的作用。PADI-web 和 HealthMap 分别检测到的禽流感暴发中，有 23%和 43%的暴发在通报前及时共享。对于这两种工具，国家和地方兽医当局都是早期检测的主要来源。早期检测的主要内容是通过在线新闻和新闻机构传播得到国际承认的事件，绕过向 WOAH 的国际报告。WOAH 是晚期检测的主要二级来源，在国家当局和传播源（如在线新闻）之间占据中心位置。PADI-web 和 HealthMap 在检测到的来源方面具有高度互补性，这解释了为什么 90%的事件仅由一种工具检测到。我们表明，当前的 EBS 工具可以提供及时的暴发相关信息和优先新闻来源，以改善数字疾病监测。
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