Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Multiethnic Health Equity Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Qual Health Res. 2023 Oct;33(12):1049-1058. doi: 10.1177/10497323231198196. Epub 2023 Sep 5.
In qualitative research, photographs and other visual data have been used with oral narratives in ethnography, interviews, and focus groups to convey and understand the perceptions, attitudes, and lived experiences of participants. Visual methodologies that incorporate photographic data include photo elicitation, which has varied approaches with the inclusion of photographs generated by researchers or participants, and Photovoice, which is a form of photo elicitation focused on participatory action research. Current literature provides insufficient guidance on a systematic coding process of visual data elements that could maximize capturing of visual data for qualitative analysis. We describe our rationale and process for developing a two-step systematic process for coding visual data, specifically photographs. The two-step systematic process for coding photographs involves coding the foreground (focal point) and then the background of the photograph, using separate codebooks. Application of this two-step coding approach resulted in surfacing additional rich data on the health-related contexts and environments in which participants lived. Incorporation of this methodology could enhance understanding of the context of health and generate ideas and new directions of inquiry.
在定性研究中，照片和其他视觉数据已与民族志、访谈和焦点小组中的口头叙述结合使用，以传达和理解参与者的感知、态度和生活体验。包含照片数据的视觉方法包括照片启发法，它有不同的方法，包括研究人员或参与者生成的照片，以及摄影声音，这是一种专注于参与式行动研究的照片启发法。目前的文献对视觉数据元素的系统编码过程提供的指导不足，这可能最大限度地捕捉定性分析的视觉数据。我们描述了我们制定两步系统编码视觉数据（特别是照片）过程的基本原理和过程。对照片进行编码的两步系统过程包括使用单独的代码本对照片的前景（焦点）和背景进行编码。应用这种两步编码方法可以揭示参与者生活的与健康相关的背景和环境的更多丰富数据。纳入这种方法可以增强对健康背景的理解，并产生新的想法和研究方向。
