Vehicle Safety Institute, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria.
Volvo Car Corporation, Torslanda HABVS-VAK, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Front Public Health. 2023 Aug 17;11:1199949. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1199949. eCollection 2023.
An integrated assessment framework that enables holistic safety evaluations addressing vulnerable road users (VRU) is introduced and applied in the current study. The developed method enables consideration of both active and passive safety measures and distributions of real-world crash scenario parameters.
The likelihood of a specific virtual testing scenario occurring in real life has been derived from accident databases scaled to European level. Based on pre-crash simulations, it is determined how likely it is that scenarios could be avoided by a specific Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) system. For the unavoidable cases, probabilities for specific collision scenarios are determined, and the injury risk for these is determined, subsequently, from in-crash simulations with the VIVA+ Human Body Models combined with the created metamodel for an average male and female model. The integrated assessment framework was applied for the holistic assessment of car-related pedestrian protection using a generic car model to assess the safety benefits of a generic AEB system combined with current passive safety structures.
In total, 61,914 virtual testing scenarios have been derived from the different car-pedestrian cases based on real-world crash scenario parameters. Considering the occurrence probability of the virtual testing scenarios, by implementing an AEB, a total crash risk reduction of 81.70% was achieved based on pre-crash simulations. It was shown that 50 in-crash simulations per load case are sufficient to create a metamodel for injury prediction. For the in-crash simulations with the generic vehicle, it was also shown that the injury risk can be reduced by implementing an AEB, as compared to the baseline scenarios. Moreover, as seen in the unavoidable cases, the injury risk for the average male and female is the same for brain injuries and femoral shaft fractures. The average male has a higher risk of skull fractures and fractures of more than three ribs compared to the average female. The average female has a higher risk of proximal femoral fractures than the average male.
A novel methodology was developed which allows for movement away from the exclusive use of standard-load case assessments, thus helping to bridge the gap between active and passive safety evaluations.
引入并应用了一种综合评估框架，以实现针对弱势道路使用者（VRU）的整体安全评估。该方法考虑了主动和被动安全措施以及实际碰撞场景参数的分布。
特定虚拟测试场景在现实生活中发生的可能性已从按欧洲水平缩放的事故数据库中得出。基于碰撞前模拟，可以确定特定自动紧急制动（AEB）系统避免场景的可能性有多大。对于不可避免的情况，确定特定碰撞场景的概率，并随后从与 VIVA+人体模型相结合的碰撞中模拟确定这些场景的伤害风险，以及为平均男性和女性模型创建的元模型。使用通用汽车模型对与汽车相关的行人保护进行了整体评估，应用综合评估框架评估了通用 AEB 系统与当前被动安全结构相结合的安全效益。
总共从基于现实世界碰撞场景参数的不同汽车-行人案例中得出了 61914 个虚拟测试场景。考虑到虚拟测试场景的发生概率，通过实施 AEB，基于碰撞前模拟，总体碰撞风险降低了 81.70%。结果表明，对于每个负荷情况，进行 50 次碰撞模拟即可创建用于伤害预测的元模型。对于通用车辆的碰撞模拟，与基线场景相比，实施 AEB 也可以降低伤害风险。此外，在不可避免的情况下，对于平均男性和女性，脑损伤和股骨干骨折的伤害风险相同。与平均女性相比，平均男性头骨骨折和三根以上肋骨骨折的风险更高。与平均男性相比，平均女性股骨近端骨折的风险更高。
开发了一种新方法，该方法可以帮助摆脱对标准负荷情况评估的独家使用，从而有助于弥合主动和被动安全评估之间的差距。
