John Jobin, Klug Corina, Kranjec Matej, Svenning Erik, Iraeus Johan
Division of Vehicle Safety, Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Vehicle Safety Institute, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria.
Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022 Jul 19;10:918904. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.918904. eCollection 2022.
Finite element Human Body Models are increasingly becoming vital tools for injury assessment and are expected to play an important role in virtual vehicle safety testing. With the aim of realizing models to study sex-differences seen in the injury- and fatality-risks from epidemiology, we developed models that represent an average female and an average male. The models were developed with an objective to allow tissue-based skeletal injury assessment, and thus non-skeletal organs and joints were defined with simplified characterizations to enhance computational efficiency and robustness. The model lineup comprises female and male representations of (seated) vehicle occupants and (standing) vulnerable road users, enabling the safety assessment of broader segments of the road user population. In addition, a new workflow utilized in the model development is presented. In this workflow, one model (the seated female) served as the base model while all the other models were generated as closely-linked derivative models, differing only in terms of node coordinates and mass distribution. This approach opens new possibilities to develop and maintain further models as part of the model lineup, representing different types of road users to reflect the ongoing transitions in mobility patterns (like bicyclists and e-scooter users). In this paper, we evaluate the kinetic and kinematic responses of the occupant and standing models to blunt impacts, mainly on the torso, in different directions (front, lateral, and back). The front and lateral impacts to the thorax showed responses comparable to the experiments, while the back impact varied with the location of impact (T1 and T8). Abdomen bar impact showed a stiffer load-deflection response at higher intrusions beyond 40 mm, because of simplified representation of internal organs. The lateral shoulder impact responses were also slightly stiffer, presumably from the simplified shoulder joint definition. This paper is the first in a series describing the development and validation of the new Human Body Model lineup, VIVA+. With the inclusion of an average-sized female model as a standard model in the lineup, we seek to foster an equitable injury evaluation in future virtual safety assessments.
有限元人体模型正日益成为损伤评估的重要工具，并有望在虚拟车辆安全测试中发挥重要作用。为了实现能够研究流行病学中所见的损伤和死亡风险性别差异的模型，我们开发了代表平均女性和平均男性的模型。这些模型的开发目标是实现基于组织的骨骼损伤评估，因此对非骨骼器官和关节进行了简化表征，以提高计算效率和稳健性。模型阵容包括（坐姿）车辆驾乘人员和（站姿）弱势道路使用者的女性和男性模型，从而能够对更广泛的道路使用者群体进行安全评估。此外，还介绍了模型开发中使用的一种新工作流程。在这个工作流程中，一个模型（坐姿女性模型）作为基础模型，而所有其他模型则作为紧密关联的衍生模型生成，仅在节点坐标和质量分布方面有所不同。这种方法为作为模型阵容一部分开发和维护更多模型开辟了新的可能性，这些模型代表不同类型的道路使用者，以反映出行模式的持续转变（如骑自行车者和电动滑板车使用者）。在本文中，我们评估了驾乘人员模型和站立模型在不同方向（正面、侧面和背面）受到钝性撞击（主要是对躯干）时的动力学和运动学响应。对胸部的正面和侧面撞击显示出与实验相当的响应，而背部撞击则因撞击位置（T1和T8）而异。腹部杆撞击在侵入超过40毫米时，由于内部器官的简化表示，在较高侵入量时显示出更硬的载荷-位移响应。侧面肩部撞击响应也略硬一些，可能是由于肩关节定义简化所致。本文是描述新的人体模型阵容VIVA+开发和验证的系列文章中的第一篇。通过在阵容中纳入平均体型的女性模型作为标准模型，我们力求在未来的虚拟安全评估中促进公平的损伤评估。
