Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
Nutrients. 2023 Aug 26;15(17):3743. doi: 10.3390/nu15173743.
Milk Oligosaccharides (MOS), a group of complex carbohydrates found in human and bovine milk, have emerged as potential modulators of optimal brain development for early life. This review provides a comprehensive investigation of the impact of milk oligosaccharides on brain and neurocognitive development of early life by synthesizing current literature from preclinical models and human observational studies. The literature search was conducted in the PubMed search engine, and the inclusion eligibility was evaluated by three reviewers. Overall, we identified 26 articles for analysis. While the literature supports the crucial roles of fucosylated and sialylated milk oligosaccharides in learning, memory, executive functioning, and brain structural development, limitations were identified. In preclinical models, the supplementation of only the most abundant MOS might overlook the complexity of naturally occurring MOS compositions. Similarly, accurately quantifying MOS intake in human studies is challenging due to potential confounding effects such as formula feeding. Mechanistically, MOS is thought to impact neurodevelopment through modulation of the microbiota and enhancement of neuronal signaling. However, further advancement in our understanding necessitates clinical randomized-controlled trials to elucidate the specific mechanisms and long-term implications of milk oligosaccharides exposure. Understanding the interplay between milk oligosaccharides and cognition may contribute to early nutrition strategies for optimal cognitive outcomes in children.
牛奶低聚糖（MOS）是一类存在于人乳和牛乳中的复杂碳水化合物，现已成为调节生命早期最佳大脑发育的潜在调节剂。本综述通过综合临床前模型和人类观察研究的现有文献，全面研究了牛奶低聚糖对生命早期大脑和神经认知发育的影响。文献检索在 PubMed 搜索引擎中进行，由三位评审员评估纳入标准。总的来说，我们确定了 26 篇文章进行分析。尽管文献支持岩藻糖基和唾液酸化乳低聚糖在学习、记忆、执行功能和大脑结构发育中的关键作用，但也存在一些局限性。在临床前模型中，仅补充最丰富的 MOS 可能会忽略天然存在的 MOS 组成的复杂性。同样，由于配方喂养等潜在混杂因素，准确量化人类研究中的 MOS 摄入量具有挑战性。从机制上讲，MOS 被认为通过调节微生物群和增强神经元信号来影响神经发育。然而，要深入了解这一问题，需要进行临床随机对照试验，以阐明牛奶低聚糖暴露的具体机制和长期影响。了解牛奶低聚糖与认知之间的相互作用可能有助于制定早期营养策略，以实现儿童最佳认知结果。
