A Carboxyl Group-Functionalized Ionic Liquid Hybrid Adsorbent for Solid-Phase Extraction and Determination of Trace Diclofenac Sodium in Milk Samples.

A simple and efficient sample pretreatment technology is very important for the accurate determination of trace drug residues in foods to ensure food safety. Herein, we report a new carboxyl group-functionalized ionic liquid hybrid solid- phase adsorbent (PS-IL-COOH) for the highly efficient extraction and quantitative determination of diclofenac sodium (DS) residue in milk samples. It was found that the adsorption efficiency of PS-IL-COOH for the ppb level of DS was greater than 93.0%, the adsorption capacity was 934.1 mg/g, and the enrichment factor was 620.0, which surpass most of the previously reported values for DS adsorbents. The high concentration of salts did not interfere with the adsorption of DS. Importantly, the recovery of DS was above 90% after 16 adsorption--regeneration cycles. The synergistic effect of the multiple interactions was found to be the main factor for the high efficiency of DS adsorption. The proposed method was applied to the extraction and detection of DS in milk samples, with the relative recovery ranging from 88.2 to 103.0%.