Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India.
Cancer Rep (Hoboken). 2023 Nov;6(11):e1892. doi: 10.1002/cnr2.1892. Epub 2023 Sep 14.
Cancer is an outcome of various disrupted or dysregulated metabolic processes like apoptosis, growth, and self-cell transformation. Human anatomy harbors trillions of microbes, and these microbes actively influence all kinds of human metabolic activities, including the human immune response. The immune system which inherently acts as a sentinel against microbes, curiously tolerates and even maintains a distinct normal microflora in our body. This emphasizes the evolutionarily significant role of microbiota in shaping our adaptive immune system and even potentiating its function in chronic ailments like cancers. Microbes interact with the host immune cells and play a part in cancer progression or regression by modulating immune cells, producing immunosuppressants, virulence factors, and genotoxins.
An expanding plethora of studies suggest and support the evidence of microbiome impacting cancer etiology. Several studies also indicate that the microbiome can supplement various cancer therapies, increasing their efficacy. The present review discusses the relationship between bacterial and viral microbiota with cancer, discussing different carcinogenic mechanisms influenced by prokaryotes with special emphasis on their immunomodulatory axis. It also elucidates the potential of the microbiome in transforming the efficacy of immunotherapeutic treatments.
This review offers a thorough overview of the complex interaction between the human immune system and the microbiome and its impact on the development of cancer. The microbiome affects the immune responses as well as progression of tumor transformation, hence microbiome-based therapies can vastly improve the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapies. Individual variations of the microbiome and its dynamic variability in every individual impacts the immune modulation and cancer progression. Therefore, further research is required to understand these underlying processes in detail, so as to design better microbiome-immune system axis in the treatment of cancer.
癌症是各种代谢过程失调或紊乱的结果，如细胞凋亡、生长和自我细胞转化。人体解剖学中蕴藏着数以万亿计的微生物，这些微生物积极影响着包括人类免疫反应在内的各种人类代谢活动。免疫系统作为对抗微生物的天然哨兵，令人好奇的是，它能够容忍甚至维持我们体内独特的正常微生物菌群。这强调了微生物在塑造我们适应性免疫系统方面的进化意义，甚至增强了其在癌症等慢性疾病中的作用。微生物与宿主免疫细胞相互作用，通过调节免疫细胞、产生免疫抑制剂、毒力因子和遗传毒素，在癌症的进展或消退中发挥作用。
越来越多的研究表明并支持了微生物组影响癌症病因的证据。一些研究还表明，微生物组可以补充各种癌症治疗方法，提高其疗效。本综述讨论了细菌和病毒微生物组与癌症的关系，讨论了受原核生物影响的不同致癌机制，特别强调了它们的免疫调节轴。它还阐明了微生物组在改变免疫治疗效果方面的潜力。
本综述全面概述了人类免疫系统与微生物组之间的复杂相互作用及其对癌症发展的影响。微生物组影响免疫反应和肿瘤转化的进展，因此基于微生物组的治疗方法可以极大地提高癌症免疫疗法的效果。微生物组的个体差异及其在每个人中的动态可变性影响免疫调节和癌症进展。因此，需要进一步研究以详细了解这些潜在过程，以便在癌症治疗中设计更好的微生物组-免疫系统轴。
