CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China.
Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore.
Adv Mater. 2024 Feb;36(7):e2306583. doi: 10.1002/adma.202306583. Epub 2023 Dec 3.
Brain diseases, such as brain tumors, neurodegenerative diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, and brain injuries, are caused by various pathophysiological changes, which pose a serious health threat. Brain disorders are often difficult to treat due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Biomimetic nanovesicles (BNVs), including endogenous extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from various cells and artificial nanovesicles, possess the ability to penetrate the BBB and thus can be utilized for drug delivery to the brain. BNVs, especially endogenous EVs, are widely distributed in body fluids and usually carry various disease-related signal molecules such as proteins, RNA, and DNA, and may also be analyzed to understand the etiology and pathogenesis of brain diseases. This review covers the exhaustive classification and characterization of BNVs and pathophysiological roles involved in various brain diseases, and emphatically focuses on nanotechnology-integrated BNVs for brain disease theranostics, including various diagnosis strategies and precise therapeutic regulations (e.g., immunity regulation, disordered protein clearance, anti-neuroinflammation, neuroregeneration, angiogenesis, and the gut-brain axis regulation). The remaining challenges and future perspectives regarding the nanotechnology-integrated BNVs for the diagnosis and treatment of brain diseases are also discussed and outlined.
脑部疾病，如脑肿瘤、神经退行性疾病、脑血管疾病和脑损伤，是由各种病理生理变化引起的，对健康构成严重威胁。由于血脑屏障（BBB）的存在，脑部疾病往往难以治疗。仿生纳米囊泡（BNV），包括源自各种细胞的内源性细胞外囊泡（EV）和人工纳米囊泡，具有穿透 BBB 的能力，因此可用于将药物递送到脑部。BNV，特别是内源性 EV，广泛分布在体液中，通常携带各种与疾病相关的信号分子，如蛋白质、RNA 和 DNA，也可进行分析以了解脑部疾病的病因和发病机制。本综述涵盖了 BNV 的详尽分类和表征，以及其在各种脑部疾病中的病理生理作用，并着重介绍了用于脑部疾病治疗学的纳米技术整合 BNV，包括各种诊断策略和精确的治疗调节（如免疫调节、异常蛋白清除、抗神经炎症、神经再生、血管生成和肠道-大脑轴调节）。还讨论并概述了纳米技术整合 BNV 用于脑部疾病诊断和治疗的剩余挑战和未来展望。
