Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA. USA.
Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Trends Genet. 2023 Nov;39(11):830-843. doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2023.08.005. Epub 2023 Sep 14.
Aging is a nearly inescapable trait among organisms yet lifespan varies tremendously across different species and spans several orders of magnitude in vertebrates alone. This vast phenotypic diversity is driven by distinct evolutionary trajectories and tradeoffs that are reflected in patterns of diversification and constraint in organismal genomes. Age-specific impacts of selection also shape allele frequencies in populations, thus impacting disease susceptibility and environment-specific mortality risk. Further, the mutational processes that spawn this genetic diversity in both germline and somatic cells are strongly influenced by age and life history. We discuss recent advances in our understanding of the evolution of aging and lifespan at organismal, population, and cellular scales, and highlight outstanding questions that remain unanswered.
衰老几乎是生物的一种不可避免的特征，但不同物种的寿命差异巨大，仅在脊椎动物中就跨越了几个数量级。这种巨大的表型多样性是由不同的进化轨迹和权衡驱动的，这些轨迹和权衡反映在生物基因组中多样化和约束的模式上。选择的年龄特异性影响也塑造了种群中的等位基因频率，从而影响疾病易感性和特定环境的死亡率风险。此外，生殖细胞和体细胞中产生这种遗传多样性的突变过程强烈受到年龄和生活史的影响。我们讨论了在个体、种群和细胞水平上对衰老和寿命进化的理解的最新进展，并强调了仍然存在的未解决的问题。
