Das Undurti N
UND Life Sciences, Battle Ground, WA, USA.
Department of Medicine, Omega Hospitals, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India.
Arch Med Sci. 2021 Apr 23;19(5):1327-1359. doi: 10.5114/aoms/135703. eCollection 2023.
COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Epithelial and T, NK, and other immunocytes release bioactive lipids especially arachidonic acid (AA) in response to microbial infections to inactivate them and upregulate the immune system. COVID-19 (coronavirus) and other enveloped viruses including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-1 of 2002-2003) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS; 2012-ongoing) and hepatitis B and C (HBV and HCV) can be inactivated by AA, γ-linolenic acid (GLA, dihomo-GLA (DGLA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are precursors to several eicosanoids. Prostaglandin E1, lipoxin A4, resolvins, protectins and maresins enhance phagocytosis of macrophages and leukocytes to clear debris from the site(s) of infection and injury, enhance microbial clearance and wound healing to restore homeostasis. Bioactive lipids modulate the generation of M1 and M2 macrophages and the activity of other immunocytes. Mesenchymal and adipose tissue-derived stem cells secrete LXA4 and other bioactive lipids to bring about their beneficial actions in COVID-19. Bioactive lipids regulate vasomotor tone, inflammation, thrombosis, immune response, inactivate enveloped viruses, regulate T cell proliferation and secretion of cytokines, stem cell survival, proliferation and differentiation, and leukocyte and macrophage functions, JAK kinase activity and neutrophil extracellular traps and thus, have a critical role in COVID-19.
2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）由严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）感染引起。上皮细胞以及T细胞、自然杀伤细胞（NK细胞）和其他免疫细胞在受到微生物感染时会释放生物活性脂质，尤其是花生四烯酸（AA），以使其失活并上调免疫系统。2019冠状病毒病（新冠病毒）和其他包膜病毒，包括严重急性呼吸综合征（2002 - 2003年的SARS-CoV-1）、中东呼吸综合征（MERS；2012年至今）以及乙型和丙型肝炎病毒（HBV和HCV）可被AA、γ-亚麻酸（GLA）、二高-γ-亚麻酸（DGLA）、二十碳五烯酸（EPA）、二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）灭活，这些都是几种类花生酸的前体。前列腺素E1、脂氧素A4、消退素、保护素和maresin可增强巨噬细胞和白细胞的吞噬作用，以清除感染和损伤部位的碎片，增强微生物清除和伤口愈合，从而恢复体内平衡。生物活性脂质可调节M1和M2巨噬细胞的生成以及其他免疫细胞的活性。间充质和脂肪组织来源的干细胞分泌脂氧素A4和其他生物活性脂质，从而在2019冠状病毒病中发挥有益作用。生物活性脂质调节血管舒缩张力、炎症、血栓形成、免疫反应，使包膜病毒失活，调节T细胞增殖和细胞因子分泌、干细胞存活、增殖和分化以及白细胞和巨噬细胞功能、JAK激酶活性和中性粒细胞胞外陷阱，因此在2019冠状病毒病中起关键作用。
