Community-based fruit and vegetable prescription programs: a scoping review.

Identify and categorise different models of community-based fruit and vegetable prescription programs, to determine variation in terms of methodology, target population characteristics, and outcomes measured. Applying the scoping review methodology, ten electronic databases were utilised to identify community-based fruit and vegetable incentive programs. Results were evaluated by two independent reviewers, using Covidence software. All full-text reviews were completed and documented using the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Search results were stored and reviewed within the Covidence software. Thirty full-text articles were utilised from the 40 206 identified in the search. Target populations were predominantly female, non-white, and low-income. Considerable heterogeneity was found in both study design and quality. Fruit and vegetable vouchers were utilised in 63 % ( 19) of the studies. Prescriptions were primarily provided by community health centres (47 %; 14) or NGOs (307 %; 9) and could be redeemed at farmers' markets (40 %; 12) or grocery stores (27 %; 8). When measured, diet quality significantly improved in 94 % ( 16), health outcomes significantly improved in 83 % ( 10), and food security status improved in 82 % ( 10) of studies. Providing financial incentives to offset the cost of fresh fruits and vegetables can increase consumption, improve health outcomes, and improve food security status. The majority of studies showed significant improvements in at least one outcome, demonstrating the effectiveness of community-based fruit and vegetable prescription programs. However, the diversity of measurement techniques and heterogeneity of design, dosage, and duration impeded meaningful comparisons. Further well-designed studies are warranted to compare the magnitude of effects among different program methodologies.