Qin Li, Sun Yanhua, Gao Nan, Ling Guixia, Zhang Peng
Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China.
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microparticles Drug Delivery Technology, Qilu Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., No. 243, Gongyebei Road, Jinan, 250100, China.
Drug Deliv Transl Res. 2024 Mar;14(3):597-620. doi: 10.1007/s13346-023-01431-7. Epub 2023 Sep 25.
Vaccines are the cornerstone of world health. The majority of vaccines are formulated as injectable products, facing the drawbacks of cold chain transportation, needle-stick injuries, and primary systemic immunity. Inhalable vaccines exhibited unique advantages due to their small dose, easy to use, quick effect, and simultaneous induction of mucosal and systemic responses. Facing global pandemics, especially the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a majority of inhalable vaccines are in preclinical or clinical trials. A better understanding of advanced delivery technologies of inhalable vaccines may provide new scientific insights for developing inhalable vaccines. In this review article, detailed immune mechanisms involving mucosal, cellular, and humoral immunity were described. The preparation methods of inhalable vaccines were then introduced. Advanced nanotechnologies of inhalable vaccines containing inhalable nucleic acid vaccines, inhalable adenovirus vector vaccines, novel adjuvant-assisted inhalable vaccines, and biomaterials for inhalable vaccine delivery were emphatically discussed. Meanwhile, the latest clinical progress in inhalable vaccines for COVID-19 and tuberculosis was discussed.
疫苗是全球健康的基石。大多数疫苗被制成注射剂，面临冷链运输、针刺伤和主要诱导全身免疫等缺点。吸入式疫苗因其剂量小、使用方便、起效快以及能同时诱导黏膜和全身反应而展现出独特优势。面对全球大流行，尤其是2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19），大多数吸入式疫苗正处于临床前或临床试验阶段。更好地了解吸入式疫苗的先进递送技术可能为开发吸入式疫苗提供新的科学见解。在这篇综述文章中，描述了涉及黏膜免疫、细胞免疫和体液免疫的详细免疫机制。接着介绍了吸入式疫苗的制备方法。重点讨论了吸入式疫苗的先进纳米技术，包括吸入式核酸疫苗、吸入式腺病毒载体疫苗、新型佐剂辅助吸入式疫苗以及用于吸入式疫苗递送的生物材料。同时，还讨论了COVID-19和结核病吸入式疫苗的最新临床进展。
