Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
Biosensors (Basel). 2023 Sep 1;13(9):864. doi: 10.3390/bios13090864.
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the most common form of genetic variation in the human genome, are the main cause of individual differences. Furthermore, such attractive genetic markers are emerging as important hallmarks in clinical diagnosis and treatment. A variety of destructive abnormalities, such as malignancy, cardiovascular disease, inherited metabolic disease, and autoimmune disease, are associated with single-nucleotide variants. Therefore, identification of SNPs is necessary for better understanding of the gene function and health of an individual. SNP detection with simple preparation and operational procedures, high affinity and specificity, and cost-effectiveness have been the key challenge for years. Although biosensing methods offer high specificity and sensitivity, as well, they suffer drawbacks, such as complicated designs, complicated optimization procedures, and the use of complicated chemistry designs and expensive reagents, as well as toxic chemical compounds, for signal detection and amplifications. This review aims to provide an overview on improvements for SNP biosensing based on fluorescent and electrochemical methods. Very recently, novel designs in each category have been presented in detail. Furthermore, detection limitations, advantages and disadvantages, and challenges have also been presented for each type.
单核苷酸多态性（SNPs）是人类基因组中最常见的遗传变异形式，是个体差异的主要原因。此外，这种有吸引力的遗传标记正在成为临床诊断和治疗的重要标志。多种破坏性异常，如恶性肿瘤、心血管疾病、遗传性代谢疾病和自身免疫性疾病，都与单核苷酸变异有关。因此，识别 SNPs 对于更好地了解个体的基因功能和健康是必要的。多年来，具有简单的制备和操作程序、高亲和力和特异性以及成本效益的 SNP 检测一直是关键挑战。尽管生物传感方法具有高特异性和灵敏度，但它们也存在缺点，如设计复杂、优化程序复杂、使用复杂的化学设计和昂贵的试剂以及有毒化学化合物进行信号检测和放大。本综述旨在概述基于荧光和电化学方法的 SNP 生物传感的改进。最近，在每个类别中都详细介绍了新的设计。此外，还介绍了每种类型的检测限制、优缺点和挑战。
