Sánchez-Tirado Esther, Yáñez-Sedeño Paloma, Pingarrón José Manuel
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
Micromachines (Basel). 2023 Sep 7;14(9):1746. doi: 10.3390/mi14091746.
Natural enzymes are used as special reagents for the preparation of electrochemical (bio)sensors due to their ability to catalyze processes, improving the selectivity of detection. However, some drawbacks, such as denaturation in harsh experimental conditions and their rapid de- gradation, as well as the high cost and difficulties in recycling them, restrict their practical applications. Nowadays, the use of artificial enzymes, mostly based on nanomaterials, mimicking the functions of natural products, has been growing. These so-called nanozymes present several advantages over natural enzymes, such as enhanced stability, low cost, easy production, and rapid activity. These outstanding features are responsible for their widespread use in areas such as catalysis, energy, imaging, sensing, or biomedicine. These materials can be divided into two main groups: metal and carbon-based nanozymes. The latter provides additional advantages compared to metal nanozymes, i.e., stable and tuneable activity and good biocompatibility, mimicking enzyme activities such as those of peroxidase, catalase, oxidase, superoxide dismutase, nuclease, or phosphatase. In this review article, we have focused on the use of carbon-based nanozymes for the preparation of electrochemical (bio)sensors. The main features of the most recent applications have been revised and illustrated with examples selected from the literature over the last four years (since 2020).
天然酶由于其催化过程的能力，被用作制备电化学（生物）传感器的特殊试剂，提高了检测的选择性。然而，一些缺点，如在苛刻实验条件下的变性及其快速降解，以及高成本和回收困难，限制了它们的实际应用。如今，主要基于纳米材料的人工酶的使用不断增加，它们模仿天然产物的功能。这些所谓的纳米酶比天然酶具有几个优势，如稳定性增强、成本低、易于生产和活性快速。这些突出特点使其在催化、能源、成像、传感或生物医学等领域得到广泛应用。这些材料可分为两大类：金属基和碳基纳米酶。与金属纳米酶相比，碳基纳米酶具有额外的优势，即活性稳定且可调节，生物相容性好，能模拟过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、氧化酶、超氧化物歧化酶、核酸酶或磷酸酶等酶的活性。在这篇综述文章中，我们重点关注了碳基纳米酶在制备电化学（生物）传感器方面的应用。对最近应用的主要特点进行了回顾，并通过从过去四年（自2020年以来）的文献中选取的实例进行了说明。
