Salazar-Avalos Sebastian, Soliz Alvaro, Cáceres Luis, Conejeros Sergio, Brito Iván, Galvez Edelmira, Galleguillos Madrid Felipe M
Centro de Desarrollo Energético de Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Av. Universidad de Antofagasta 02800, Antofagasta 1240000, Chile.
Departamento de Ingeniería en Metalurgia, Universidad de Atacama, Av. Copayapu 485, Copiapó 1530000, Chile.
Nanomaterials (Basel). 2023 Sep 14;13(18):2557. doi: 10.3390/nano13182557.
The electrochemical ion pumping device is a promising alternative for the development of the industry of recovering metals from natural sources-such as seawater, geothermal water, well brine, or reverse osmosis brine-using electrochemical systems, which is considered a non-evaporative process. This technology is potentially used for metals like Li, Cu, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Sr, and others that are mostly obtained from natural brine sources through a combination of pumping, solar evaporation, and solvent extraction steps. As the future demand for metals for the electronic industry increases, new forms of marine mining processing alternatives are being implemented. Unfortunately, both land and marine mining, such as off-shore and deep sea types, have great potential for severe environmental disruption. In this context, a green alternative is the mixing entropy battery, which is a promising technique whereby the ions are captured from a saline natural source and released into a recovery solution with low ionic force using intercalation materials such as Prussian Blue Analogue (PBA) to store cations inside its crystal structure. This new technique, called "electrochemical ion pumping", has been proposed for water desalination, lithium concentration, and blue energy recovery using the difference in salt concentration. The raw material for this technology is a saline solution containing ions of interest, such as seawater, natural brines, or industrial waste. In particular, six main ions of interest-Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cl, and SO-are found in seawater, and they constitute 99.5% of the world's total dissolved salts. This manuscript provides relevant information about this new non-evaporative process for recovering metals from aqueous salty solutions using hexacianometals such as CuHCF, NiHCF, and CoHCF as electrodes, among others, for selective ion removal.
电化学离子泵装置是利用电化学系统从天然来源（如海水、地热水、井盐水或反渗透盐水）中回收金属的工业发展的一种有前景的替代方案，这被认为是一种非蒸发过程。这项技术潜在地用于锂、铜、钙、镁、钠、钾、锶等金属，这些金属大多通过泵送、太阳能蒸发和溶剂萃取步骤的组合从天然盐水来源中获得。随着电子行业对金属的未来需求增加，正在实施新形式的海洋采矿加工替代方案。不幸的是，陆地和海洋采矿，如近海和深海类型，都有极大的可能对环境造成严重破坏。在这种背景下，一种绿色替代方案是混合熵电池，这是一种有前景的技术，即使用诸如普鲁士蓝类似物（PBA）等嵌入材料，从含盐天然来源捕获离子，并将其释放到离子强度低的回收溶液中，以在其晶体结构内存储阳离子。这种被称为“电化学离子泵”的新技术已被提出用于水脱盐、锂浓缩和利用盐浓度差异回收蓝色能源。该技术的原材料是含有感兴趣离子的盐溶液，如海水、天然盐水或工业废料。特别是，海水中发现了六种主要的感兴趣离子——钠、钾、镁、钙、氯和硫酸根，它们占世界总溶解盐的99.5%。本手稿提供了有关这种使用六氰基金属（如铜铁氰化物、镍铁氰化物和钴铁氰化物等）作为电极从含盐水溶液中回收金属的新非蒸发过程的相关信息，用于选择性离子去除。
