Arsenic and fluoride exposure in drinking water caused human health risk in coastal groundwater aquifers.

Groundwater (GW) is a precious resource for human beings as we depend on it as a source of fresh drinking water, agricultural practices, industrial and domestic uses, etc. Extreme exposure of arsenic (As) and fluoride (F-) concentrations along the coastal GW aquifers of "South 24 Parganas and East Medinipur" diluted the quality of GW and created serious health issues. Various chronic health disorders such as - black foot disease, fluorosis skin cancer, cardiac problems, and other water borne diseases have been noticed in these two coastal districts. The comprehensive entropy-weighted water quality index (EWQI) and health risk assessment (HRA) were applied to evaluate the quality of GW and probable health risks in the coastal districts. Monte Carlo simulation and sensitivity analysis methods were simultaneously adopted to identify the non-carcinogenic health risk assessment due to regular ingestion of contaminated GW. As the study region is densely populated and part of the Sundarbans Ramsar site, it has greater importance at the international level along with regional importance to address the GWQ of this region. The major findings of the present study highlight that almost 55% of the study area is confronting serious GW quality issues and associated probable health risk (HR) due to the intense accumulation of As and F- in the GW aquifers of the study area. Children's health is more vulnerable due to the consumption of As containing GW, and adults are highly affected due to the intake of F- bearing GW in the coastal districts. The findings of the current study will draw the attention of hydrologists, groundwater management authorities, government bodies, and NGOs to regulate and monitor the GW aquifers routinely, enhance GW quality, minimizing the health hazards and sustainable water management in a more scientific and sustainable way which must be advantageous for coastal people.