Bellamy R F, Maningas P A, Vayer J S
Ann Emerg Med. 1986 Dec;15(12):1384-8. doi: 10.1016/s0196-0644(86)80920-9.
Battle injuries sustained in conventional warfare are more likely to be lethal than are injuries sustained by civilians. Depending on the tactical situation, mortality may range from 20% to more than 80% of all casualties. The American experience indicates that about 90% of the total mortality occurs on the battlefield. Such casualties, those classified as killed in action, die before reaching medical care. More than 90% of all battle injuries (morbidity) are caused by penetrating missiles. Exsanguination from wounds of the heart/great vessels and penetrating/perforating wounds of the skull cause the majority of battlefield deaths. The frequency distribution of injury severity appears to be bimodal. A large peak occurs at low injury severity and indicates a population of casualties with relatively benign soft tissue wounds. A smaller peak at high injury severity represents those killed in action.
在常规战争中遭受的战斗创伤比平民所受创伤更有可能致命。根据战术情况，死亡率可能在所有伤亡人员的20%至80%以上。美国的经验表明，总死亡率的约90%发生在战场上。这类伤亡人员，即被归类为阵亡者，在获得医疗救治之前就已死亡。所有战斗创伤（发病率）的90%以上是由穿透性导弹造成的。心脏/大血管伤口出血和颅骨穿透伤/穿孔伤导致了战场上的大多数死亡。损伤严重程度的频率分布似乎呈双峰状。在低损伤严重程度处出现一个大峰值，表明这部分伤亡人员的软组织伤口相对较轻。在高损伤严重程度处的一个较小峰值代表那些阵亡者。
