Department of Public Health, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
Department of Public Health, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
Sci Total Environ. 2024 Jan 1;906:167492. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167492. Epub 2023 Sep 29.
Arguably the most ecologically and economically valuable pollinators worldwide, honey bees play a significant role in food production and enrich biodiversity through pollination. Varroa destructor is an invasive ectoparasitic mite that attacks and feeds on European honey bee, Apis mellifera. Because literature on the effectiveness and sustainability of various treatment modalities available for Varroa mite control in honey bee colonies are scattered, this scoping review was conducted to serve as a guiding document with a focus on: (1) identifying the detrimental impact Varroa mites have on the European honey bee; (2) determining current methods for Varroa mite control and their limitations; (3) examining current market landscape and key players in the pesticide market; and (4) identifying opportunities for more sustainable Varroa mite control methods. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, 397 articles published between 1998 and 2022 were screened; of which 65 articles were retained using inclusion/exclusion criteria, which were systematically analyzed in-depth, information extracted, and included in this scoping review. The results suggest that Varroa mites are one of the predominant causes of global honey bee decline as they lack natural resistance to Varroa mites, thereby negatively affecting honey bee reproduction and immunity, killing broods, and transmitting pathogenic viruses to colonies. Further, our findings suggest that: apiarists have many options for Varroa control, but no method has proven to be effective, safe and nonpersistent in the environment; adoption of nano-pesticides and development of sustainable alternatives to traditional pesticides are key drivers for growing pesticide market; and nano-pesticides may have potential to serve as an effective, safe and non-ecopersistent pesticide for Varroa mite and associated virus control. In conclusion, this review highlights an unmet need for effective and sustainable control strategies and tools for Varroa mite and virus control.
可以说，全世界最具生态和经济价值的传粉媒介是蜜蜂，它们通过传粉在食物生产中发挥着重要作用，并丰富了生物多样性。瓦螨是一种侵袭性外寄生虫螨，它攻击并以欧洲蜜蜂（Apis mellifera）为食。由于有关各种可用方法控制蜂群中瓦螨的有效性和可持续性的文献分散，因此进行了本次范围界定审查，旨在作为一份指导性文件，重点关注：(1) 确定瓦螨对欧洲蜜蜂的有害影响；(2) 确定当前控制瓦螨的方法及其局限性；(3) 检查当前的市场格局和农药市场中的主要参与者；(4) 确定更可持续的瓦螨控制方法的机会。根据系统评价和荟萃分析的首选报告项目 (PRISMA) 指南，筛选了 1998 年至 2022 年期间发表的 397 篇文章；使用纳入/排除标准保留了 65 篇文章，对其进行了系统深入的分析，提取了信息，并包含在本次范围界定审查中。结果表明，瓦螨是全球蜜蜂数量下降的主要原因之一，因为它们缺乏对瓦螨的天然抵抗力，从而对蜜蜂的繁殖和免疫力产生负面影响，杀死幼虫，并将致病病毒传播给蜂群。此外，我们的研究结果表明：养蜂人有许多控制瓦螨的选择，但没有一种方法被证明是有效的、安全的和对环境无持久性的；纳米农药的采用和传统农药的可持续替代品的开发是推动农药市场增长的关键驱动力；纳米农药可能具有作为控制瓦螨和相关病毒的有效、安全和非生态持久性农药的潜力。总之，本综述强调了对有效和可持续的瓦螨和病毒控制策略和工具的未满足需求。
