School of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2024 May 21;39(4):498-515. doi: 10.1093/arclin/acad073.
Previous research has suggested that neurodevelopmental conditions may be associated with distinctive cognitive profiles on the Wechsler intelligence tests (of which the most recent editions are the WAIS-IV and WISC-V). However, the extent to which a cognitive profile can be reliably identified for individuals meeting criteria for autism or ADHD remains unclear. The present review investigated this issue.
A search was conducted in PsycInfo, Embase, and Medline in October 2022 for papers reporting the performance of children or adults diagnosed with autism or ADHD on the WAIS-IV or the WISC-V. Test scores were aggregated using meta-analysis.
Scores were analyzed from over 1,800 neurodivergent people reported across 18 data sources. Autistic children and adults performed in the typical range for verbal and nonverbal reasoning, but scored ~1 SD below the mean for processing speed and had slightly reduced scores on working memory. This provides evidence for a "spiky" cognitive profile in autism. Performance of children and adults with ADHD was mostly at age-expected levels, with slightly reduced scores for working memory.
Although the pattern of performance on the Wechsler tests is not sufficiently sensitive or specific to use for diagnostic purposes, autism appears to be associated with a cognitive profile of relative strengths in verbal and nonverbal reasoning and a weakness in processing speed. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder appears less associated with a particular cognitive profile. Autistic individuals may especially benefit from a cognitive assessment to identify and support with their strengths and difficulties.
先前的研究表明，神经发育状况可能与韦氏智力测验（其最新版本为 WAIS-IV 和 WISC-V）上的独特认知特征有关。然而，对于符合自闭症或注意力缺陷多动障碍诊断标准的个体，认知特征是否能够可靠地识别仍不清楚。本综述探讨了这个问题。
2022 年 10 月，在 PsycInfo、Embase 和 Medline 中进行了检索，以查找报告自闭症或 ADHD 儿童或成人在 WAIS-IV 或 WISC-V 上表现的论文。使用荟萃分析汇总了测试分数。
从 18 个数据源报告的 1800 多名神经多样性个体中分析了分数。自闭症儿童和成人在言语和非言语推理方面的表现处于典型范围，但在处理速度方面的得分比平均值低约 1 个标准差，并且工作记忆的得分略低。这为自闭症的“尖刺”认知特征提供了证据。儿童和成人的 ADHD 表现大多处于年龄预期水平，工作记忆得分略低。
尽管韦氏测试的表现模式不够敏感或特异性，不能用于诊断目的，但自闭症似乎与言语和非言语推理方面的相对优势以及处理速度方面的弱点有关。注意力缺陷多动障碍似乎与特定的认知特征关联较少。自闭症个体可能特别受益于认知评估，以识别和支持他们的优势和困难。
