Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.
Sports Med. 2023 Dec;53(Suppl 1):67-84. doi: 10.1007/s40279-023-01933-x. Epub 2023 Oct 6.
For many reasons, athletes' use of supplements is highly prevalent across sports and competitive levels, despite the risk of these products containing a substance on the World Anti-Doping Agency Prohibited List. Contravening anti-doping rules through supplement use could have serious consequences for competitive athletes (e.g., ineligibility from major competitions, loss of medals and funding) due to the principle of strict liability. Indiscriminate supplement use also poses a risk to athlete health. To reduce the possibility of ingesting a supplement containing prohibited substances, independent quality assurance and certification programs have been established (e.g., Informed Sport). However, these programs do not completely eliminate risk, leading to some anti-doping organisations promoting a 'just say no' to supplements stance. Yet, this approach can be problematic as a small number of supplements may be necessary for athletes to consume, in certain situations. Recognising that athletes will continue to use these heavily marketed products, this narrative review describes a theoretically underpinned and systematic approach to preventing inadvertent doping by considering the barriers to and enablers of athlete adherence to risk minimisation supplement use guidelines (RMSUG). By outlining a conceptual shift towards a behaviourally informed approach, this review serves to stimulate the development of multifaceted interventions to prevent inadvertent doping through supplement use. Recognising that risk-minimised supplement use involves a myriad of behaviours, the problem of inadvertent doping through supplement use is framed, and research appraised, through the lens of the Behaviour Change Wheel.
由于多种原因，尽管这些产品可能含有世界反兴奋剂机构禁用清单上的物质，但运动员在各个运动项目和竞技水平上都高度滥用补充剂。由于严格责任原则，运动员通过使用补充剂违反反兴奋剂规则可能会产生严重后果（例如，丧失参加重大比赛的资格、失去奖牌和资金）。滥食补充剂也会对运动员的健康构成威胁。为了降低摄入含有禁用物质的补充剂的可能性，已经建立了独立的质量保证和认证计划（例如，知情运动）。然而，这些计划并不能完全消除风险，导致一些反兴奋剂组织采取了“坚决拒绝补充剂”的立场。然而，这种方法可能存在问题，因为在某些情况下，运动员可能需要食用少数几种补充剂。认识到运动员将继续使用这些大量宣传的产品，本叙述性评论通过考虑运动员遵守风险最小化补充使用指南（RMSUG）的障碍和促进因素，描述了一种基于理论且系统的方法，以防止无意中兴奋剂。通过概述向行为信息方法的概念转变，本综述旨在通过补充使用来预防无意中兴奋剂的多方面干预措施的发展。认识到风险最小化的补充剂使用涉及到无数的行为，通过补充剂使用无意中兴奋剂的问题通过行为改变车轮的视角进行了框架和研究评估。
