Huang Hai, Yang Shihao, Ying Yulong, Chen Xiangzhong, Puigmartí-Luis Josep, Zhang Li, Pané Salvador
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, 999077, China.
Adv Mater. 2024 Jan;36(1):e2305925. doi: 10.1002/adma.202305925. Epub 2023 Nov 27.
In the past decade, micro- and nanomachines (MNMs) have made outstanding achievements in the fields of targeted drug delivery, tumor therapy, microsurgery, biological detection, and environmental monitoring and remediation. Researchers have made significant efforts to accelerate the rapid development of MNMs capable of moving through fluids by means of different energy sources (chemical reactions, ultrasound, light, electricity, magnetism, heat, or their combinations). However, the motion of MNMs is primarily investigated in confined two-dimensional (2D) horizontal setups. Furthermore, three-dimensional (3D) motion control remains challenging, especially for vertical movement and control, significantly limiting its potential applications in cargo transportation, environmental remediation, and biotherapy. Hence, an urgent need is to develop MNMs that can overcome self-gravity and controllably move in 3D spaces. This review delves into the latest progress made in MNMs with 3D motion capabilities under different manipulation approaches, discusses the underlying motion mechanisms, explores potential design concepts inspired by nature for controllable 3D motion in MNMs, and presents the available 3D observation and tracking systems.
在过去十年中，微纳机器（MNMs）在靶向给药、肿瘤治疗、显微手术、生物检测以及环境监测与修复等领域取得了卓越成就。研究人员付出了巨大努力，以加速能够借助不同能源（化学反应、超声、光、电、磁、热或它们的组合）在流体中移动的微纳机器的快速发展。然而，微纳机器的运动主要是在受限的二维（2D）水平设置中进行研究的。此外，三维（3D）运动控制仍然具有挑战性，尤其是对于垂直运动和控制，这严重限制了其在货物运输、环境修复和生物治疗中的潜在应用。因此，迫切需要开发能够克服自身重力并在三维空间中可控移动的微纳机器。本文综述深入探讨了在不同操纵方法下具有三维运动能力的微纳机器所取得的最新进展，讨论了其潜在的运动机制，探索了受自然启发的微纳机器可控三维运动的潜在设计理念，并介绍了现有的三维观察和跟踪系统。
