Dabeka R W, Karpinski K F, McKenzie A D, Bajdik C D
Food Chem Toxicol. 1986 Sep;24(9):913-21. doi: 10.1016/0278-6915(86)90318-2.
Lead, cadmium and fluoride were determined in 210 samples of human milk and the mean and median levels and ranges found were 1.04 and 0.55 ng/g (range less than 0.05-15.8 ng/g) for lead, 0.08 and 0.06 ng/g (range less than 0.002-4.05 ng/g) for cadmium, and 7.08 and less than 4 ng/g (range less than 2-97 ng/g) for fluoride. For mothers taking no fluoride supplements and living in communities with fluoride (1 microgram/g) in the drinking-water, the mean fluoride level was 9.8 ng/g. Where no fluoride was present in the drinking-water, the mean level was 4.4 ng/g. Geometric means for all non-zero lead, cadmium and fluoride concentrations were 0.566, 0.063 and 12 ng/g, respectively. Statistical correlation of levels with some dietary and environmental factors showed that lead levels were most strongly correlated with the age of the house (P less than 0.001), with maternal exposure to heavy traffic for more than 5 yr (P = 0.011), and with coffee consumption (P = 0.034). Fluoride levels correlated strongly (P = 0.007) with the presence of fluoride in the drinking-water. Cadmium levels correlated strongly with exposure to cigarette smoke (P = 0.005 if the mother smoked and P = 0.003 if the father smoked and the mother did not smoke).
对210份母乳样本中的铅、镉和氟化物进行了测定，结果发现，铅的平均含量和中位数分别为1.04纳克/克和0.55纳克/克（范围为低于0.05 - 15.8纳克/克），镉为0.08纳克/克和0.06纳克/克（范围为低于0.002 - 4.05纳克/克），氟化物为7.08纳克/克和低于4纳克/克（范围为低于2 - 97纳克/克）。对于未补充氟化物且生活在饮用水中含氟（1微克/克）社区的母亲，其母乳中氟化物的平均含量为9.8纳克/克。在饮用水中不含氟的地方，平均含量为4.4纳克/克。所有非零铅、镉和氟化物浓度的几何平均值分别为0.566纳克/克、0.063纳克/克和12纳克/克。母乳中这些元素含量与一些饮食和环境因素的统计相关性表明，铅含量与房屋房龄的相关性最强（P < 0.001），与母亲暴露于繁忙交通环境超过5年有关（P = 0.011），还与咖啡摄入量有关（P = 0.034）。氟化物含量与饮用水中是否含氟密切相关（P = 0.007）。镉含量与接触香烟烟雾密切相关（母亲吸烟时P = 0.005，父亲吸烟而母亲不吸烟时P = 0.003）。
