New York State Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
J Vet Diagn Invest. 2023 Nov;35(6):597-616. doi: 10.1177/10406387231203965. Epub 2023 Oct 10.
Susceptibility of individuals and groups to toxicants depends on complex interactions involving the host, environment, and other exposures. Apiary diagnostic investigation and honey bee health are truly population medicine: the colony is the patient. Here we provide basic information on the application of toxicology to the testing of domestic honey bees, and, in light of recent research, expand on some of the challenges of interpreting analytical chemistry findings as they pertain to hive health. The hive is an efficiently organized system of wax cells used to store brood, honey, and bee bread, and is protected by the bee-procured antimicrobial compound propolis. Toxicants can affect individual workers outside or inside the hive, with disease processes that range from acute to chronic and subclinical to lethal. Toxicants can impact brood and contaminate honey, bee bread, and structural wax. We provide an overview of important natural and synthetic toxicants to which honey bees are exposed; behavioral, husbandry, and external environmental factors influencing exposure; short- and long-term impacts of toxicant exposure on individual bee and colony health; and the convergent impacts of stress, nutrition, infectious disease, and toxicant exposures on colony health. Current and potential future toxicology testing options are included. Common contaminants in apiary products consumed or used by humans (honey, wax, pollen), their sources, and the potential need for product testing are also noted.
个体和群体对毒物的易感性取决于涉及宿主、环境和其他暴露因素的复杂相互作用。养蜂诊断调查和蜜蜂健康确实是群体医学：蜂群是病人。在这里，我们提供了将毒理学应用于检测家养蜜蜂的基本信息，并根据最近的研究，扩展了一些关于解释分析化学发现的挑战，因为这些发现与蜂群健康有关。蜂巢是一个由蜡细胞组成的高效组织系统，用于储存幼虫、蜂蜜和蜂粮，并由蜜蜂获取的抗菌化合物蜂胶保护。毒物可以影响蜂巢内外的单个工蜂，疾病过程从急性到慢性，从亚临床到致命。毒物可以影响幼虫，并污染蜂蜜、蜂粮和结构蜡。我们提供了对蜜蜂暴露的重要天然和合成毒物的概述；影响暴露的行为、饲养和外部环境因素；毒物暴露对个体蜜蜂和蜂群健康的短期和长期影响；以及应激、营养、传染病和毒物暴露对蜂群健康的收敛影响。包括了当前和潜在的未来毒理学测试选项。还注意到了人类食用或使用的蜂产品（蜂蜜、蜂蜡、花粉）中的常见污染物、它们的来源以及产品测试的潜在需求。
