Environmental Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2022 Apr;41(4):1042-1053. doi: 10.1002/etc.5297. Epub 2022 Mar 16.
Beekeepers report significant honey bee deaths during and after almond bloom. These losses pose a major problem for the California almond industry because of its dependence on honey bees as pollinators. The present study aimed to determine if combinations of pesticides applied during almond bloom during daylight hours were a possible explanation for these losses. In this study we aimed to mimic the spray application route of exposure to pesticides using a Potter Spray Tower to treat adult honey bees with commonly encountered pesticides and pesticide combinations at multiples of the maximum recommended field application rates. Tested insecticides included Altacor® and Intrepid®, and tested fungicides included Tilt®, Pristine®, Luna Sensation®, and Vangard®. Synergistic toxicity was observed when the fungicide Tilt (active ingredient propiconazole) was applied with the insecticide Altacor (chlorantraniliprole), though neither caused significant mortality when applied independently. The study also looked at the effect of adding a spray adjuvant, Dyne-Amic®, to pesticide mixtures. Dyne-Amic was toxic to honey bees at concentrations above the maximum recommended field application rate, and toxicity was increased when combined with the fungicide Pristine (pyraclostrobin and boscalid). Addition of Dyne-Amic also increased toxicity of the Tilt and Altacor combination. These results suggest that application of Altacor and Tilt in combination with an adjuvant at the recommended field application rates could cause mortality in adult honey bees. These findings highlight a potential explanation for honey bee losses around almond bloom, emphasize that the safety of spray adjuvants to bees should not be assumed, and provide support for recommendations to protect bees from pesticides through application at night when bees are not foraging. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1042-1053. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
养蜂人报告说，在杏仁开花期间和之后，蜜蜂大量死亡。这些损失对加利福尼亚杏仁产业构成了重大问题，因为该产业依赖蜜蜂作为传粉媒介。本研究旨在确定在白天开花期间施用的农药组合是否是造成这些损失的一个可能原因。在这项研究中，我们旨在使用 Potter 喷雾塔模拟喷雾施药途径，以常用的杀虫剂和杀虫剂组合以推荐田间施用量的倍数处理成年蜜蜂，从而达到接触农药的目的。测试的杀虫剂包括 Altacor®和 Intrepid®，测试的杀菌剂包括 Tilt®、Pristine®、Luna Sensation®和 Vangard®。当杀菌剂 Tilt（有效成分丙环唑）与杀虫剂 Altacor（氯虫苯甲酰胺）一起使用时，观察到协同毒性，尽管单独使用时都没有引起显著的死亡率。该研究还研究了向农药混合物中添加喷雾助剂 Dyne-Amic®的效果。Dyne-Amic 在高于推荐田间施用量的浓度下对蜜蜂有毒，当与杀菌剂 Pristine（吡唑醚菌酯和肟菌酯）混合使用时，毒性会增加。添加 Dyne-Amic 还会增加 Tilt 和 Altacor 组合的毒性。这些结果表明，以推荐的田间施用量施用 Altacor 和 Tilt 与助剂的组合可能会导致成年蜜蜂死亡。这些发现强调了在杏仁开花期间蜜蜂死亡的一个潜在原因，强调不应假设喷雾助剂对蜜蜂的安全性，并支持在蜜蜂不觅食的夜间施药以保护蜜蜂免受农药伤害的建议。环境毒理化学 2022；41:1042-1053。© 2022 作者。环境毒理化学由 Wiley Periodicals LLC 代表 SETAC 出版。
