Biodiversity Research Institute, IMIB (Univ.Oviedo-CSIC-Princ.Asturias), Mieres, Spain.
Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
Glob Chang Biol. 2023 Dec;29(23):6756-6771. doi: 10.1111/gcb.16965. Epub 2023 Oct 11.
Understanding large-scale drivers of biodiversity in palustrine wetlands is challenging due to the combined effects of macroclimate and local edaphic conditions. In boreal and temperate fen ecosystems, the influence of macroclimate on biodiversity is modulated by hydrological settings across habitats, making it difficult to assess their vulnerability to climate change. Here, we investigate the influence of macroclimate and edaphic factors on three Essential Biodiversity Variables across eight ecologically defined habitats that align with ecosystem classifications and red lists. We used 27,555 vegetation plot samples from European fens to assess the influence of macroclimate and groundwater pH predictors on the geographic distribution of each habitat type. Additionally, we modeled the relative influence of macroclimate, water pH, and water table depth on community species richness and composition, focusing on 309 plant specialists. Our models reveal strong effects of mean annual temperature, diurnal thermal range, and summer temperature on biodiversity variables, with contrasting differences among habitats. While macroclimatic factors primarily shape geographic distributions and species richness, edaphic factors emerge as the primary drivers of composition for vascular plants and bryophytes. Annual precipitation exhibits non-linear effects on fen biodiversity, with varying impact across habitats with different hydrological characteristics, suggesting a minimum requirement of 600 mm of annual precipitation for the occurrence of fen ecosystems. Our results anticipate potential impacts of climate warming on European fens, with predictable changes among habitat types and geographic regions. Moreover, we provide evidence that the drivers of biodiversity in boreal and temperate fens are closely tied to the ecological characteristics of each habitat type and the dispersal abilities of bryophytes and vascular plants. Given that the influence of macroclimate and edaphic factors on fen ecosystems is habitat specific, climate change research and conservation actions should consider ecological differentiation within functional IUCN ecosystems at continental and regional scales.
由于宏气候和局部土壤条件的综合影响，理解沼地湿地生物多样性的大规模驱动因素具有挑战性。在北方和温带沼泽生态系统中，宏气候对生物多样性的影响受到栖息地之间水文状况的调节，这使得评估它们对气候变化的脆弱性变得困难。在这里，我们研究了宏气候和土壤因素对跨越八个生态定义的栖息地的三个基本生物多样性变量的影响，这些栖息地与生态系统分类和红色名录相吻合。我们使用了来自欧洲沼泽地的 27555 个植被样本来评估宏气候和地下水 pH 预测因子对每种栖息地类型的地理分布的影响。此外，我们还模拟了宏气候、水 pH 值和地下水位深度对群落物种丰富度和组成的相对影响，重点关注 309 种植物专家。我们的模型揭示了年均温度、昼夜热范围和夏季温度对生物多样性变量的强烈影响，不同栖息地之间存在明显差异。虽然宏气候因素主要塑造了地理分布和物种丰富度，但土壤因素是维管植物和苔藓植物组成的主要驱动因素。年降水量对沼地生物多样性表现出非线性影响，不同水文特征的栖息地影响不同，这表明沼地生态系统的发生需要至少 600 毫米的年降水量。我们的研究结果预测了气候变暖对欧洲沼泽地的潜在影响，不同的栖息地类型和地理区域都有可预测的变化。此外，我们提供的证据表明，北方和温带沼泽地生物多样性的驱动因素与每个栖息地类型的生态特征以及苔藓植物和维管植物的扩散能力密切相关。鉴于宏气候和土壤因素对沼泽地生态系统的影响具有栖息地特异性，气候变化研究和保护行动应考虑到在大陆和区域尺度上，功能上的 IUCN 生态系统内的生态差异。
