Investigation of the antimicrobial, antioxidant, hemolytic, and thrombolytic activities of , , and ethanolic and methanolic extracts.

is rich in antioxidants such as polyphenols; contains bioactive compounds (flavonoids, terpenoids, and tannins) and is primarily composed of volatile oils, amides, alkaloids, flavonoids, lignan, and coumarin. The antibacterial, antifungal, biofilm inhibition, antioxidant, hemolytic, and thrombolytic activities of , , and ethanol and methanol extracts at different concentrations (30%, 50%, and 80%) were determined. The antioxidant activity and content were measured as free radical scavenging assay (DPPH), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total phenolic content (TPC). Furthermore, hemolytic and thrombolytic analysis was carried out to determine toxicity. In antimicrobial assays, 80% methanol thyme extract showed highest (15.31 mm) antibacterial activity against , and 80% ethanol green tea extract showed optimal antibacterial activity against . Ethanol 30% green tea extract resulted in highest (26.61 mm) antifungal activity against . The maximum (54.73%) biofilm inhibition was resulted by methanol 50% thyme extract for . In antioxidant activity and content, methanol 50% green tea extract had highest (80.82%) antioxidant activity, whereas, ethanol 80% green tea extract had maximum (1474.55 mg CE/g DW) TFC and methanol 80% green tea extract had maximum (593.05 mg GAE/g) TPC. In toxicological assays, methanol 30% green tea extract had highest (25.28%) thrombolytic activity, and ethanol 80% tejphal extract had maximum (18.24%) hemolytic activity. This study has highlighted the significant antimicrobial, antioxidant, hemolytic, and thrombolytic activities of , , and extracts that could be beneficial to treat various diseases (cancer, diabetes, and respiratory diseases) and may be utilized as functional ingredient in the preparation of functional foods and drinks.