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间充质干细胞治疗水样缺乏性干眼。

Mesenchymal stem cell therapy in aqueous deficient dry eye disease.

机构信息

Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.

University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.

出版信息

Acta Ophthalmol. 2023 Oct;101 Suppl 277:3-27. doi: 10.1111/aos.15739.

DOI:10.1111/aos.15739
PMID:37840443
Abstract

Dry eye disease (DED) is characterized by ocular dryness, irritation and blurred vision and has a significant impact on the patient's quality of life. This condition can be particularly severe in patients with aqueous deficient dry eye disease (ADDE) due to Sjögren's syndrome (SS), an autoimmune disease that affects the lacrimal and salivary glands. Current treatments for ADDE are often limited to symptomatic relief. A literature review was conducted to explore the current surgical interventions used or tested in humans with ADDE (I). These interventions include procedures involving the eyelids and tear ducts, transplantation of amniotic membrane or salivary glands, injections around the tear ducts and cell-based injections into the lacrimal gland (LG). Each treatment has its advantages and disadvantages; however, treating dry eyes in patients with SS presents a particular challenge due to the systemic nature of the disease. Moreover, there is a need for new therapeutic options. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a type of stem cell that have shown promise in regenerating damaged tissue and reducing inflammation in various diseases. Previous studies in animal models have suggested that MSCs could be effective in treating ADDE. Thus, this thesis aims to investigate the safety and efficacy of injecting MSCs into the LG as a treatment option for patients with ADDE secondary to SS. The study also aims to see this treatment in light of existing and novel investigational treatment options. The clinical studies conducted for this thesis are the first of their kind in humans. MSCs derived from healthy donors' adipose tissue (ASCs) were cultured in a laboratory, frozen and thawed ready for use. In the safety study, we performed the first human trial involving the administration of a single injection of ASCs into the LG of one eye in seven patients suffering from severe ADDE (II). The primary objective was to test the safety of this treatment, while the secondary objective was to assess improvements in subjective and objective signs of dry eye. The results of the trial showed no serious side effects within 4 months of follow-up after treatment. On average, there was a 40% reduction in dry eye symptoms assessed with the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire. Additionally, in the treated eye, there was a significant decrease in tear osmolarity, an increase in tear film stability and an increase in tear production. To further investigate the efficacy of this treatment, our research group performed a clinical, randomized study aiming to compare the ASC injection into the LG with the injection of a vehicle (the excipient in which the ASCs are dissolved) and observation (no intervention) (III). The study involved 20 subjects receiving ASC injection, 20 subjects receiving vehicle injection and 14 patients being observed without intervention. The subjects were examined to assess the outcomes with a 12-month follow-up after treatment. Both intervention groups showed a significant reduction in subjective dry eye symptoms of approximately 40%. This improvement was evident at the 1-week follow-up and persisted until the 12-month follow-up. The observation group did not experience any change in OSDI score. The ASCs group exhibited a significant mean increase in non-invasive tear break-up time (NIKBUT) of 6.48 s (149%) at the four-week follow-up, which was significantly higher than that in the vehicle group (p = 0.04). Moreover, the ASCs group showed a significant increase in NIKBUT compared to that in the observation group at the 12-month follow-up (p = 0.004). In both the ASCs and vehicle group, a significant increase in Schirmer test scores at the 4-month follow-up and the 12-month follow-up was observed. In conclusion, this thesis contributes valuable findings with a new treatment option for patients with dry eye disease. Injection of ASCs into the LG was shown to be safe and to improve subjective dry eye symptoms and specifically the tear film stability in patients with ADDE due to SS. Compared to other treatment modalities of ADDE, this treatment has greater potential, as ASCs could potentially be used as an anti-inflammatory therapeutic option for managing DED of other causes as well. RESUMÉ (DANISH SUMMARY): Tørre øjne, karakteriseret ved tørhedsfornemmelse og irritation af øjnene samt sløret syn, har en betydelig indvirkning på patientens livskvalitet. Denne tilstand kan vaere saerligt alvorlig hos patienter med nedsat tåreproduktion (ADDE) som følge af Sjögrens syndrom (SS), en autoimmun sygdom, der påvirker tårekirtlerne og spytkirtlerne. Nuvaerende behandlinger for ADDE er ofte begraenset til symptomlindring. Vi gennemførte en litteraturgennemgang for at undersøge, hvilke nuvaerende kirurgiske behandlingsmetoder, der anvendes eller testes hos patienter med ADDE (I). Disse interventioner inkluderer procedurer, der involverer øjenlåg og tårekanaler, transplantation af amnionhinde eller spytkirtler, injektioner omkring tårekanalerne samt cellebaserede injektioner i tårekirtlen. Hver behandling har sine fordele og ulemper, men behandling af tørre øjne hos patienter med SS udgør en saerlig udfordring på grund af sygdommens systemiske udbredning, og der er behov for nye behandlingsmuligheder. Mesenkymale stamceller (MSCs) er en type stamcelle, der har vist lovende resultater med hensyn til at regenerere beskadiget vaev og reducere inflammation i forskellige sygdomme. Tidligere undersøgelser i dyremodeller har indikeret, at MSCs kan vaere en effektiv behandling af ADDE. Denne afhandling har til formål at undersøge sikkerheden og effekten af injektion af MSCs i tårekirtlen som en mulig behandling til patienter med ADDE som følge af SS. Afhandlingen sigter også mod at sammenligne denne behandling med andre eksisterende, kirurgiske behandlingsmuligheder af ADDE. Som led i dette projekt udførte vi de første kliniske forsøg af sin art i mennesker. MSCs fra raske donorers fedtvaev (ASCs) blev dyrket i et laboratorium, frosset ned og er optøet klar til brug. Det første mål var at teste sikkerheden ved denne behandling og sekundaert at undersøge behandlingens effekt. For at undersøge dette modtog syv forsøgspersoner med svaer ADDE én injektion med ASCs i tårekirtlen på det ene øje (II). Resultaterne af forsøget viste ingen alvorlige bivirkninger inden for fire måneders opfølgning efter behandlingen. I gennemsnit fandt vi yderligere en 40% reduktion i symptomer på tørre øjne vurderet med et spørgeskema, og en markant stigning i tåreproduktionen og af tårefilmens stabilitet i det behandlede øje. For yderligere at undersøge effekten af denne behandling udførte vi et klinisk, randomiseret forsøg med det formål at sammenligne injektion af ASCs i tårekirtlen med injektion af en kontrolopløsning (vaesken, hvor stamcellerne var opløst) og observation (ingen intervention) (III). Studiet omfattede 20 forsøgspersoner, der modtog ASC-injektion, 20 forsøgspersoner, der modtog injektion af kontrolopløsningen, og 14 forsøgspersoner i observationsgruppen. Forsøgspersonerne blev undersøgt med en opfølgningstid på 12 måneder efter behandling. Begge interventionsgrupper viste en betydelig reduktion på ca. 40% i subjektive symptomer på tørre øjne. Denne forbedring var betydelig allerede ved opfølgning efter en uge og varede ved 12 måneder efter behandling. Observationsgruppen oplevede ingen betydelig aendring i symptomer. ASCs gruppen viste desuden en signifikant stigning i tårefilmsstabiliteten (NIKBUT) på 6,48 sekunder (149%) ved opfølgning efter fire uger, hvilket var markant højere end efter injektion af kontrolopløsning (p = 0,04). Desuden viste ASCs gruppen en betydelig stigning i NIKBUT sammenlignet med observationsgruppen ved opfølgning efter 12 måneder (p = 0,004). Både injektion af ASCs og kontrolopløsning medførte en betydelig stigning i tåreproduktionen ved opfølgning fire måneder og 12 måneder efter behandling. Denne afhandling bidrager med vigtige resultater inden for en ny behandlingsmulighed af tørre øjne. Injektion af ASCs i tårekirtlen viste sig at vaere sikker, forbedrede subjektive symptomer på tørre øjne og øgede saerligt tårfilmens stabilitet hos patienter med ADDE på grund af SS. Sammenlignet med andre behandlingsmuligheder for ADDE har denne behandling vist et stort potentiale. ASCs kan muligvis også bruges som en anti-inflammatorisk behandling af tørre øjne af andre årsager i fremtiden.

摘要

干眼症 (DED) 的特征是眼睛干燥、刺激和视力模糊,对患者的生活质量有重大影响。由于自身免疫性疾病干燥综合征 (SS) 导致的水样缺乏性干眼症 (ADDE) 患者病情可能特别严重。目前 ADDE 的治疗方法通常仅限于对症缓解。我们进行了一项文献综述,以探讨目前用于或正在人类 ADDE 患者中进行的手术干预措施 (I)。这些干预措施包括涉及眼睑和泪道的程序、羊膜或唾液腺移植、泪道周围注射和向泪腺内注射细胞 (LG)。每种治疗方法都有其优缺点;然而,由于疾病的系统性,治疗 SS 患者的干眼症尤其具有挑战性。此外,需要新的治疗选择。间充质干细胞 (MSC) 是一种干细胞,在再生受损组织和减轻各种疾病的炎症方面显示出了很好的效果。之前的动物模型研究表明,MSC 可能是治疗 ADDE 的有效方法。因此,本论文旨在研究向 LG 注射 MSC 作为治疗继发于 SS 的 ADDE 患者的一种治疗选择的安全性和有效性。该研究还旨在结合现有和新型探索性治疗方案来看待这种治疗方法。本论文进行的临床研究是人类首例此类研究。从健康供体的脂肪组织 (ASC) 中培养 MSC,冷冻和解冻以备使用。在安全性研究中,我们进行了第一项人体试验,在七名患有严重 ADDE 的患者的一只眼中单次注射 ASC 进入 LG (II)。主要目的是测试这种治疗的安全性,而次要目的是评估改善干眼的主观和客观体征。该试验在治疗后 4 个月的随访中未发现严重副作用。平均而言,眼部干燥症状评估的 Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) 问卷有 40%的降低。此外,在受治疗的眼睛中,泪液渗透压显著降低,泪膜稳定性增加,泪液产生增加。为了进一步研究这种治疗方法的效果,我们的研究小组进行了一项临床、随机研究,旨在比较 LG 注射 ASC 与注射载体 (溶解 ASC 的赋形剂) 和观察 (无干预) 的效果 (III)。该研究纳入了 20 名接受 ASC 注射的受试者、20 名接受载体注射的受试者和 14 名未接受干预的患者。通过 12 个月的治疗后随访评估结果。干预组均出现主观干眼病症状约 40%的显著减轻。这种改善在第 1 周的随访中就已经出现,并持续到 12 个月的随访中。观察组在 OSDI 评分上没有变化。ASCs 组在第 4 周的非侵入性泪膜破裂时间 (NIKBUT) 平均增加 6.48 秒 (149%),明显高于载体组 (p=0.04)。此外,与观察组相比,ASCs 组在 12 个月的随访时的 NIKBUT 显著增加 (p=0.004)。在 ASC 和载体组中,在第 4 个月和第 12 个月的随访时均观察到 Schirmer 测试评分显著增加。总之,本论文为干眼症患者提供了一种新的治疗选择。向 LG 注射 ASC 显示出安全性,并改善了 SS 导致的 ADDE 患者的主观干眼症状和特别的泪膜稳定性。与 ADDE 的其他治疗方式相比,这种治疗方法具有更大的潜力,因为 ASC 可能潜在地用作管理其他原因引起的 DED 的抗炎治疗选择。

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