Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
Development. 2023 Oct 15;150(20). doi: 10.1242/dev.201599. Epub 2023 Oct 17.
Nutrient intake is obligatory for animal growth and development, but nutrients alone are not sufficient. Indeed, insulin and homologous hormones are required for normal growth even in the presence of nutrients. These hormones communicate nutrient status between organs, allowing animals to coordinate growth and metabolism with nutrient supply. Insulin and related hormones, such as insulin-like growth factors and insulin-like peptides, play important roles in development and metabolism, with defects in insulin production and signaling leading to hyperglycemia and diabetes. Here, we describe the insulin hormone family and the signal transduction pathways activated by these hormones. We highlight the roles of insulin signaling in coordinating maternal and fetal metabolism and growth during pregnancy, and we describe how secretion of insulin is regulated at different life stages. Additionally, we discuss the roles of insulin signaling in cell growth, stem cell proliferation and cell differentiation. We provide examples of the role of insulin in development across multiple model organisms: Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, zebrafish, mouse and human.
营养摄入对动物的生长和发育是必需的，但仅仅营养是不够的。事实上，即使有营养物质的存在，胰岛素和同源激素对于正常生长也是必需的。这些激素在器官之间传递营养状态的信息，使动物能够将生长和新陈代谢与营养供应相协调。胰岛素和相关激素，如胰岛素样生长因子和胰岛素样肽，在发育和新陈代谢中发挥重要作用，胰岛素产生和信号传递的缺陷会导致高血糖和糖尿病。在这里，我们描述了胰岛素激素家族以及这些激素激活的信号转导途径。我们强调了胰岛素信号在协调妊娠期间母体和胎儿代谢和生长中的作用，并描述了胰岛素分泌在不同生命阶段是如何调节的。此外，我们讨论了胰岛素信号在细胞生长、干细胞增殖和细胞分化中的作用。我们提供了胰岛素在多个模式生物（秀丽隐杆线虫、果蝇、斑马鱼、小鼠和人类）发育中的作用的例子。
