Yao Bang, Liu Xiaoxu, Zhang Wenli, Lu Hongbing
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xian 710021 China
School of Biomedical Engineering, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetic Detection and Intelligent Perception, The Fourth Military Medical University 169th Changle West Road Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
RSC Adv. 2023 Oct 16;13(43):30133-30150. doi: 10.1039/d3ra04984a. eCollection 2023 Oct 11.
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), as a non-invasive treatment, has received wide attention because of its high selectivity and low side effects. However, traditional PDT is influenced by the excitation light source and the light penetration depth is limited, which can only be used for superficial epidermal tumor treatment, and it is still a great challenge for deep tumor treatment. In recent years, X-ray excitation photodynamic therapy (X-PDT) using penetrating X-rays as an external excitation source and X-ray excited luminescent nanoparticles (XLNP) as an energy transfer medium to indirectly excite photosensitizer (PS) has solved the problem of insufficient penetration depth in tissues and become a research hotspot in the field of deep tumor treatment. In this review, the recent research progress of nanoparticles for efficient X-PDT, listing different types of XLNP and luminescence enhancement strategies. The loading method of PS is highlighted to achieve efficient energy transfer by regulating the intermolecular distance between both XLNP/PS. In addition, the water-soluble modification of XLNP surface is discussed and different hydrophilic modification methods are proposed to provide reference ideas for improving the dispersibility and biocompatibility of XLNP in aqueous solution. Finally, the therapeutic effects about X-PDT are discussed, and the current challenges and future perspectives for its clinical applications are presented.
光动力疗法（PDT）作为一种非侵入性治疗方法，因其高选择性和低副作用而受到广泛关注。然而，传统的光动力疗法受激发光源影响，光穿透深度有限，只能用于浅表表皮肿瘤治疗，对于深部肿瘤治疗仍是巨大挑战。近年来，以穿透性X射线作为外部激发源、以X射线激发发光纳米颗粒（XLNP）作为能量传递介质来间接激发光敏剂（PS）的X射线激发光动力疗法（X-PDT）解决了组织穿透深度不足的问题，成为深部肿瘤治疗领域的研究热点。在本综述中，介绍了用于高效X-PDT的纳米颗粒的最新研究进展，列举了不同类型的XLNP及发光增强策略。重点介绍了PS的负载方法，通过调节XLNP/PS两者之间的分子间距离来实现高效能量传递。此外，还讨论了XLNP表面的水溶性修饰，并提出了不同的亲水性修饰方法，为提高XLNP在水溶液中的分散性和生物相容性提供参考思路。最后，讨论了X-PDT的治疗效果，并阐述了其临床应用当前面临的挑战和未来前景。
