Aligita Widhya, Singgih Marlia, Sutrisno Entris, Adnyana I K
School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia.
Faculty of Pharmacy, Bhakti Kencana University, Bandung, Indonesia.
Int J Prev Med. 2023 Jul 15;14:93. doi: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_29_22. eCollection 2023.
The liver is extremely vulnerable to damage because of its role in metabolism. Toxin, metabolic syndrome, alcohol, microorganisms, and autoimmune diseases can be the cause of liver damage. While different etiologies can cause liver disease, pathophysiologically, there are similarities in the role of free radicals, inflammatory mediators, and gut microbiome during the disease development. Therefore, ingredients with antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and antidysbiotic properties have the potential to act as hepatoprotectors; and water kefir is one of them. Water kefir is a traditional fermented drink made from water kefir grains, sugar, and dried fruit. Water kefir is dominated by lactic acid bacteria and yeast as a fermented beverage, and several species of this group of microorganisms have been shown as probiotics. According to researches, water kefir has strong antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and hepatoprotective effects. Even so, there are still few researches reported about water kefir as a hepatoprotective agent. Several studies, on the other hand, showed promising results. This review discusses the relationship between the pathophysiology of liver disease and the pharmacological activity of water kefir and other probiotics in general, which leads to the potential prospect of water kefir research as a hepatoprotective agent.
肝脏因其在新陈代谢中的作用而极易受到损伤。毒素、代谢综合征、酒精、微生物和自身免疫性疾病都可能是肝脏损伤的原因。虽然不同的病因可导致肝脏疾病，但在病理生理学上，疾病发展过程中自由基、炎症介质和肠道微生物群的作用存在相似之处。因此，具有抗氧化、抗炎和抗微生物失调特性的成分有可能起到肝脏保护剂的作用；水开菲尔就是其中之一。水开菲尔是一种由水开菲尔粒、糖和干果制成的传统发酵饮品。作为一种发酵饮料，水开菲尔以乳酸菌和酵母菌为主，这组微生物中的几种已被证明是益生菌。根据研究，水开菲尔具有很强的抗氧化、抗炎和肝脏保护作用。即便如此，关于水开菲尔作为肝脏保护剂的研究报道仍然很少。另一方面，一些研究显示出了有前景的结果。本综述讨论了肝脏疾病的病理生理学与一般情况下水开菲尔及其他益生菌的药理活性之间的关系，这为水开菲尔作为肝脏保护剂的研究带来了潜在前景。
