School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, TX, USA.
Department of Urology, University of Louisville, KY, USA.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2023 Nov 15;479:116728. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116728. Epub 2023 Oct 17.
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among men. To elucidate the connection between trace elements (arsenic: As, cadmium: Cd, lead: Pb, chromium: Cr, and nickel: Ni) and the risk of PCa, we analyzed trace element levels in the serum, urine, and tissues of PCa patients, while also examining their smoking status. We correlated these levels with their smoking habits. Notably, levels of Cd (P ≤ 0.05) and As (P ≤ 0.01) were significantly higher in the tumor tissue than in adjacent tissues. No significant differences were observed in the levels of Pb, Cr and Ni. Additionally, urinary Cd levels in 70% and arsenic levels in 2.3% of the PCa cohort were markedly higher than the CDC-reported cutoff (Cd ≤ 0.185 μg/L & As ≤100 μg/L). None displayed elevated levels of urinary Pb, Cr, and Ni. Conversely, in serum samples, the concentration of arsenic exceeded the CDC-determined limit (As ≤1.0 μg/L) in 31.69% of PCa patients. However, only 7.04% of patients had higher serum Cd levels than the CDC standard values (Cd ≤ 0.315 μg/L), while all PCa patients exceeded the Cr CDC limit (Cr ≤ 0.16 μg/L) and the Ni CDC limit (Ni ≤ 0.2 μg/L). On the contrary, no significant differences were observed in serum Pb (Pb ≤ 35.0 μg/L). Our findings establish a positive link between Cd and arsenic tissue concentrations and the risk of PCa. Subsequent studies are essential to determine whether elevated trace element levels pose a risk for the development of prostate carcinogenesis. Interestingly, among the PCa cohort comprising smokers, notably higher Cd levels were observed only in tumor tissues (P ≤ 0.01) and urine (P ≤ 0.05) compared to other elements or in other specimens.
前列腺癌（PCa）是男性癌症相关死亡的第二大主要原因。为了阐明微量元素（砷：As、镉：Cd、铅：Pb、铬：Cr 和镍：Ni）与 PCa 风险之间的联系，我们分析了 PCa 患者的血清、尿液和组织中的微量元素水平，并检查了他们的吸烟状况。我们将这些水平与他们的吸烟习惯相关联。值得注意的是，肿瘤组织中 Cd（P≤0.05）和 As（P≤0.01）的水平明显高于相邻组织。Pb、Cr 和 Ni 的水平没有显著差异。此外，在 70%的 PCa 队列中，尿液 Cd 水平和 2.3%的 PCa 队列中尿液砷水平明显高于疾病预防控制中心报告的截止值（Cd≤0.185μg/L 和 As≤100μg/L）。没有显示出尿液 Pb、Cr 和 Ni 水平升高。相反，在血清样本中，31.69%的 PCa 患者的砷浓度超过疾病预防控制中心确定的限值（As≤1.0μg/L）。然而，只有 7.04%的患者的血清 Cd 水平高于疾病预防控制中心的标准值（Cd≤0.315μg/L），而所有 PCa 患者均超过 Cr 疾病预防控制中心限值（Cr≤0.16μg/L）和 Ni 疾病预防控制中心限值（Ni≤0.2μg/L）。相反，血清 Pb（Pb≤35.0μg/L）没有显著差异。我们的发现确立了 Cd 和砷组织浓度与 PCa 风险之间的正相关关系。需要进一步的研究来确定是否升高的微量元素水平对前列腺癌发生发展构成风险。有趣的是，在吸烟的 PCa 队列中，仅在肿瘤组织（P≤0.01）和尿液（P≤0.05）中观察到 Cd 水平明显高于其他元素或其他标本。
